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      Anesthetic Techniques: Focus on Lumbar Erector Spinae Plane Block

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          Abstract

          Defined in the last decade, erector spinae plane block (ESPB) is one of the more frequently used interfacial plans, and it has been the most discussed block among the recently defined techniques. Lumbar ESPB administered at lumbar levels is relatively novel and is a new horizon for regional anesthesia and pain practice. In this article, we aim to explain and introduce different approaches and explain the possible mechanism of action of lumbar ESPB. The objective of this review is to analyze the case reports, clinical and cadaveric studies about lumbar ESPB that have been published to date. We performed a search in “Pubmed” and “Google Scholar” database. After a selection of the relevant studies, 59 articles were found eligible and were included in this review. While we believe that lumbar ESPB is reliable and easy, we suggest that its efficacy and indications should be verified with anatomical and clinical studies, and its safety should be confirmed with pharmacokinetic studies. Moreover, the possibility of complications must be considered.

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          Most cited references82

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          Essentials of Our Current Understanding

          Abdominal wall blocks rely on the spread of local anesthetic within musculofascial planes to anesthetize multiple small nerves or plexuses, rather than targeting specific nerve structures. Ultrasonography is primarily responsible for the widespread adoption of techniques including transversus abdominis plane and rectus sheath blocks, as well as the introduction of novel techniques such as quadratus lumborum and transversalis fascia blocks. These blocks are technically straightforward and relatively safe and reduce pain and opioid requirements in many clinical settings. The data supporting these outcomes, however, can be inconsistent because of heterogeneity of study design. The extent of sensory blockade is also somewhat variable, because it depends on the achieved spread of local anesthetic and the anatomical course of the nerves being targeted. The blocks mainly provide somatic analgesia and are best used as part of a multimodal analgesic regimen. This review summarizes the anatomical, sonographic, and technical aspects of the abdominal wall blocks in current use, examining the current evidence for the efficacy and safety of each.
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            The Third American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Practice Advisory on Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity

            The American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine's Third Practice Advisory on local anesthetic systemic toxicity is an interim update from its 2010 advisory. The advisory focuses on new information regarding the mechanisms of lipid resuscitation, updated frequency estimates, the preventative role of ultrasound guidance, changes to case presentation patterns, and limited information related to local infiltration anesthesia and liposomal bupivacaine. In addition to emerging information, the advisory updates recommendations pertaining to prevention, recognition, and treatment of local anesthetic systemic toxicity. WHAT'S NEW IN THIS UPDATE?: This interim update summarizes recent scientific findings that have enhanced our understanding of the mechanisms that lead to lipid emulsion reversal of LAST, including rapid partitioning, direct inotropy, and post-conditioning. Since the previous practice advisory, epidemiological data have emerged that suggest a lower frequency of LAST as reported by single institutions and some registries, nevertheless a considerable number of events still occur within the general community. Contemporary case reports suggest a trend toward delayed presentation, which may mirror the increased use of ultrasound guidance (fewer intravascular injections), local infiltration techniques (slower systemic uptake), and continuous local anesthetic infusions. Small patient size and sarcopenia are additional factors that increase potential risk for LAST. An increasing number of reported events occur outside of the traditional hospital setting and involve non-anesthesiologists.
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              Postoperative Analgesic Efficacy of the Ultrasound-Guided Erector Spinae Plane Block in Patients Undergoing Lumbar Spinal Decompression Surgery

              Spinal surgery is a procedure that causes intense and severe pain in the postoperative period. Erector spinae plane (ESP) block can target the dorsal-ventral rami of thoracolumbar nerves, but its effect on lumbar surgery is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the ESP block on postoperative opioid consumption and pain scores in patients undergoing spinal surgery.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Local Reg Anesth
                lra
                lra
                Local and Regional Anesthesia
                Dove
                1178-7112
                25 September 2020
                2020
                : 13
                : 121-133
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Maltepe University Faculty of Medicine , Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Istanbul, Turkey
                [2 ]Ataturk University School of Medicine , Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Erzurum, Turkey
                [3 ]Clinical Research, Development and Design Application and Research Center, Ataturk University School of Medicine , Erzurum, Turkey
                [4 ]Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital of Padua , Padua, Italy
                [5 ]Koc University , Faculty of Medicine Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Istanbul, Turkey
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Serkan Tulgar Maltepe University Hospital , Maltepe, Istanbul, TurkeyTel +905055423985 Email serkan.tulgar@maltepe.edu.tr
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1996-7505
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8491-6566
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8467-8171
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9773-1832
                Article
                233274
                10.2147/LRA.S233274
                7532310
                33061562
                f8e54aa1-e0fb-4957-b553-997162d0dd9f
                © 2020 Tulgar et al.

                This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms ( https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php).

                History
                : 16 July 2020
                : 16 September 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 6, Tables: 2, References: 84, Pages: 13
                Categories
                Review

                Anesthesiology & Pain management
                lumbar erector spinae block,regional anesthesia,interfascial plane blocks

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