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      Attitudes of medical students towards general practice: Effects of gender, a general practice clerkship and a modern curriculum Translated title: Einstellungen von Studierenden zur Allgemeinmedizin: Einflüsse von Geschlecht, Blockpraktikum und Gesamtcurriculum

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          Abstract

          Aims: Planning a career in general practice depends on positive attitudes towards primary care. The aim of this study was to compare attitudes of medical students of a Modern Curriculum at Hannover Medical School with those of the Traditional Curriculum before (pre) and after (post) a three-week clerkship in general practice. In parallel, we aimed to analyse several other variables such as age and gender, which could influence the attitudes.

          Methods: Prospective survey of n=287 5th-year students. Attitudes (dependent variable, Likert-scale items) as well as socio-demographic characteristics (age, gender, rural/urban background), school leaving examination grades, former qualifications, experiences in general practice and career plans were requested. Attitudes were analysed separately according to these characteristics (e.g. career plans: general practitioner (GP)/specialist), curriculum type and pre/post the clerkship in general practice. Bi- and multivariate statistical analysis was used including a factor analysis for grouping of the attitude items.

          Results: Most and remarkable differences of attitudes were seen after analysis according to gender. Women appreciated general practice more than men including a greater interest in chronic diseases, communication and psychosocial aspects. The clerkship (a total of n=165 students of the “post” survey could be matched) contributed to positive attitudes of students of both gender, whereas the different curricula did not show such effects.

          Conclusions: Affective learning goals such as a positive attitude towards general practice have depended more on characteristics of students (gender) and effects of a clerkship in general practice than on the curriculum type (modern, traditional) so far. For the development of outcomes in medical education research as well as for the evolution of the Modern Curriculum such attitudes and other affective learning goals should be considered more frequently.

          Translated abstract

          Zielsetzung: Das Berufsziel „Allgemeinarzt“ ist abhängig von einer positiven Einstellung zum Fach Allgemeinmedizin. Ziel dieser Studie war es, solche Einstellungen von Studierenden des Modellstudiengangs in Hannover mit denen des Regelstudiengangs jeweils vor und nach dem Blockpraktikum Allgemeinmedizin zu vergleichen. Zusätzlich wurde eine Reihe anderer Variablen betrachtet (z.B. Alter, Geschlecht), von denen die Einstellungen abhängig sein könnten.

          Methodik: Längsschnittliche Befragung von n=287 Studierenden im 5. Studienjahr. Neben den Einstellungen (abhängige Variable, Likert-Skalenwerte) wurden soziodemographische Merkmale (Alter, Geschlecht, Herkunft), Abiturnote, Berufsabschlüsse, Erfahrungen in der Allgemeinmedizin und Karrierepläne erfragt. Die Auswertung der Einstellungsitems erfolgte getrennt nach allen diesen Merkmalen (z.B. Karrierepläne: Berufsziel Allgemeinarzt/Spezialist) sowie nach Art des Studiengangs (Modell, Regel) und im prä-/post-Vergleich mittels bi- und multivariater statistischer Testverfahren. Zur Gruppierung der Einstellungsitems wurde eine Faktorenanalyse durchgeführt.

          Ergebnisse: Die meisten und bemerkenswertesten Einstellungsunterschiede fanden sich bei der Auswertung getrennt nach Geschlecht. Frauen haben das Fach stärker wertgeschätzt und zeigten ein größeres Interesse an chronischen Krankheitsverläufen, Gesprächsführung oder psychosozialen Zusammenhängen. Das Blockpraktikum (n=165 zugeordnete Befragte zum Zeitpunkt „post“) hat zu einer positiven Entwicklung der Einstellung bei Studierenden beider Geschlechter beigetragen, wohingegen sich Studierende des Modell- bzw. Regelstudiengangs in ihren Einstellungen nicht unterschieden.

          Schlussfolgerung: Das affektive Ausbildungsziel einer wertschätzenden Haltung gegenüber dem Fach Allgemeinmedizin ist in Hannover bislang weniger vom Gesamtcurriculum (Modell, Regel) als von Eigenschaften der Studierenden (Geschlecht) und Effekten des Blockpraktikums abhängig. Für die Entwicklung von Outcomes in der Ausbildungsforschung und bei der Weiterentwicklung des Modellstudiengangs sollten Einstellungen und andere affektive Lernziele stärker berücksichtigt werden.

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          Factors related to the choice of family medicine: a reassessment and literature review.

          Recent decreases in the number of students entering family medicine has prompted reconsideration of what is known about the factors affecting specialty choice. Thirty-six articles on family medicine specialty choice published since 1993 were reviewed and rated for quality. Rural background related positively and parents' socioeconomic status relates negatively to choice of family medicine. Career intentions at entry to medical school predict specialty choice. Students who believe primary care is important, have low income expectations, and do not plan a research career are more likely to choose family medicine. The school characteristic related to choice of family medicine is public ownership. Large programs to increase numbers entering primary care seem effective. Required family medicine time in clinical years is related to higher numbers selecting family medicine. Faculty role models serve both as positive and negative influences. Students rejecting family medicine are concerned about prestige, low income, and breadth of knowledge required. Students planning on a career in a disadvantaged or rural area are more likely to enter family medicine. Multiple factors are consistently shown to be related to the choice of the specialty of family medicine.
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            Nationaler Kompetenzbasierter Lernzielkatalog Medizin (NKLM) für Deutschland: Zusammenarbeit der Gesellschaft für Medizinische Ausbildung (GMA) und des Medizinischen Fakultätentages (MFT)

            The Framework for Qualifications of the European Higher Education Area (FQ-EHEA; Bologna Process) and the European Qualifications Framework for Lifelong Learning (EQF-LLL; Lisbon Process) are competence-driven frameworks for vocational and higher education programmes in need for defined learning objectives. In the field of medical education, The Netherlands and Switzerland have developed national catalogues for undergraduate medical training, which are competence-based and compatible with a two-cycle curriculum comprised of a Bachelor in Medicine and a Master in Medicine. In Germany, virtually all medical organizations, last not least the Association of Medical Faculties (MFT), have voted against the application of the two-cycle (and the three-cycle) curriculum to medical undergraduate education. A standstill of the European processes will not be accepted in the political arena, and a proposition was made by the Conference of German Ministers of Higher Education to develop a medical qualification framework for Germany, asking the Association for Medical Education (GMA) and the MFT to join forces. This is not possible without consented national learning objectives derived from the professional context of physicians. The GMA has teamed up with the MFT to develop National Competence-Based Learning Objectives for Undergraduate Medical Education (NKLM) in Germany (see Figure 1[img:Bild 2]) to fulfill these needs. GMS Zeitschrift für Medizinische Ausbildung; 26(3):Doc35; ISSN 1860-3572
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              Why would I choose a career in family medicine?: Reflections of medical students at 3 universities.

              To describe the factors that medical students report influence them to pursue careers in family medicine. Qualitative study using focus groups and interviews and the results of surveys conducted at 3 different points in medical education. Three medical schools in western Canada: the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, the University of Calgary in Alberta, and the University of Alberta in Edmonton. A total of 33 medical students. Students were surveyed during the first 2 weeks of their programs, at the end of their preclinical training, and again at the end of their clinical training on their interest in family medicine or other specialty areas. Focus groups and interviews were conducted to explore the reasons students gave for an emerging or final interest in family medicine as a career choice. A small cohort of students who stayed with another specialty choice or switched to another specialty from family medicine were also interviewed. Thematic content analysis was carried out. Students identified several important influences that were subdivided into pre-medical school, medical school, postgraduate training, and life-in-medicine influences. Many positive and negative aspects of family medicine were reported during the preclinical period. Clinical exposure was critical for demonstrating the positive aspects of family medicine. Postgraduate training, future practice, and nonpractice life considerations also influenced students' career choices. This study provides a qualitative understanding of why students choose careers in family medicine. Medical schools should offer high-quality family medicine clinical experiences, consider the potentially positive influence of rural settings, and provide early and accurate information on family medicine training and career opportunities. These interventions might help students make more informed career decisions and increase the likelihood that they will consider careers in family medicine.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                GMS Z Med Ausbild
                GMS Z Med Ausbild
                GMS Zeitschrift für medizinische Ausbildung
                German Medical Science GMS Publishing House
                1860-7446
                1860-3572
                04 February 2011
                2011
                : 28
                : 1
                : Doc16
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Institut für Allgemeinmedizin, Hannover, Deutschland
                [2 ]Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Institut für Biometrie, Hannover, Deutschland
                [3 ]Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Klinik für Zahnerhaltung, Parodontologie und Präventive Zahnheilkunde, Hannover, Deutschland
                Author notes
                *To whom correspondence should be addressed: Carsten Kruschinski, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Institut für Allgemeinmedizin OE5440, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Deutschland, Tel.: +49 (0)511/532-8159, Fax: +49 (0)511/532-4176, E-mail: kruschinski.carsten@ 123456mh-hannover.de
                Article
                zma000728 Doc16 urn:nbn:de:0183-zma0007281
                10.3205/zma000728
                3140385
                21818231
                f87a1b03-5510-4e86-94ff-cd2dad174e83
                Copyright © 2011 Kruschinski et al.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/deed.en). You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 20 August 2010
                : 11 November 2010
                : 22 October 2010
                Categories
                Article

                Medicine
                curriculum,general practice,medical education research,questionnaire,attitudes
                Medicine
                curriculum, general practice, medical education research, questionnaire, attitudes

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