Comparative evaluation of ethyl acetate and n‐Hexane extracts of <i>Cannabis sativa</i> L. leaves for muscle function restoration after peripheral nerve lesion

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Abstract

Peripheral nerve injuries are one of those complex medical conditions for which a highly effective first‐line treatment is currently missing. The use of natural compound as medicines to treat various disorders has a long history. Our previous research explored that crude Cannabis sativa L. accelerated the recovery of sensorimotor functions following nerve injury. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effects of n‐Hexane and ethyl acetate extracts of C. sativa L. leaves on the muscle function restoration in a mouse model after sciatic nerve injury. For this purpose, albino mice ( n = 18) were equally divided into control and two treatment groups. The control group was fed on a plain diet while treatment groups were given a diet having n‐Hexane (treatment 1) and ethyl acetate (treatment 2) extracts of C. sativa L. (10 mg/kg body weight), respectively. The hot plate test (M = 15.61, SD = 2.61, p = .001), grip strength (M = 68.32, SD = 3.22, p < .001), and sciatic functional index (SFI) (M = 11.59, SD = 6.54, p = .012) assessment indicated significant amelioration in treatment 1 as compared to treatment 2 group. Furthermore, muscle fiber cross‐sectional area revealed a noticeable improvement (M = 182,319, SD = 35.80, p = .013) in treatment 1 while muscle mass ratio of Gastrocnemius (M = 0.64, SD = 0.08, p = .427) and Tibialis anterior (M = 0.57, SD = 0.04, p = .209) indicated nonsignificant change. A prominent increase in total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (M = 3.76, SD = 0.38, p < .001) and momentous decrease in total oxidant status (TOS) (M = 11.28, SD = 5.71, p < .001) along with blood glucose level indicated significant difference (M = 105.5, SD = 9.12, p < 0.001) in treatment 1 group. These results suggest that treatment 1 has the ability to speed up functional recovery after a peripheral nerve lesion. Further research is necessary, nevertheless, to better understand the extract's actual curative properties and the mechanisms that improve functional restoration.

Abstract

Neuroprotective and therapeutic role of c. sativa extract.

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Cannabis sativa: The Plant of the Thousand and One Molecules

Christelle Andre, Jean-Francois Hausman, Gea Guerriero (2016)

Cannabis sativa L. is an important herbaceous species originating from Central Asia, which has been used in folk medicine and as a source of textile fiber since the dawn of times. This fast-growing plant has recently seen a resurgence of interest because of its multi-purpose applications: it is indeed a treasure trove of phytochemicals and a rich source of both cellulosic and woody fibers. Equally highly interested in this plant are the pharmaceutical and construction sectors, since its metabolites show potent bioactivities on human health and its outer and inner stem tissues can be used to make bioplastics and concrete-like material, respectively. In this review, the rich spectrum of hemp phytochemicals is discussed by putting a special emphasis on molecules of industrial interest, including cannabinoids, terpenes and phenolic compounds, and their biosynthetic routes. Cannabinoids represent the most studied group of compounds, mainly due to their wide range of pharmaceutical effects in humans, including psychotropic activities. The therapeutic and commercial interests of some terpenes and phenolic compounds, and in particular stilbenoids and lignans, are also highlighted in view of the most recent literature data. Biotechnological avenues to enhance the production and bioactivity of hemp secondary metabolites are proposed by discussing the power of plant genetic engineering and tissue culture. In particular two systems are reviewed, i.e., cell suspension and hairy root cultures. Additionally, an entire section is devoted to hemp trichomes, in the light of their importance as phytochemical factories. Ultimately, prospects on the benefits linked to the use of the -omics technologies, such as metabolomics and transcriptomics to speed up the identification and the large-scale production of lead agents from bioengineered Cannabis cell culture, are presented.

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A novel automated direct measurement method for total antioxidant capacity using a new generation, more stable ABTS radical cation.

Ozcan Erel (2004)

To develop a novel colorimetric and automated direct measurement method for total antioxidant capacity (TAC). A new generation, more stable, colored 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radical cation (ABTS(*+)) was employed. The ABTS(*+) is decolorized by antioxidants according to their concentrations and antioxidant capacities. This change in color is measured as a change in absorbance at 660 nm. This process is applied to an automated analyzer and the assay is calibrated with Trolox. The novel assay is linear up to 6 mmol Trolox equivalent/l, its precision values are lower than 3%, and there is no interference from hemoglobin, bilirubin, EDTA, or citrate. The method developed is significantly correlated with the Randox- total antioxidant status (TAS) assay (r = 0.897, P < 0.0001; n = 91) and with the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) assay (r = 0.863, P < 0.0001; n = 110). Serum TAC level was lower in patients with major depression (1.69 +/- 0.11 mmol Trolox equivalent/l) than in healthy subjects (1.75 +/- 0.08 mmol Trolox equivalent/l, P = 0.041). This easy, stable, reliable, sensitive, inexpensive, and fully automated method described can be used to measure total antioxidant capacity.

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Skeletal muscle hypertrophy and atrophy signaling pathways.

David J Glass (2005)

Skeletal muscle hypertrophy is defined as an increase in muscle mass, which in the adult animal comes as a result of an increase in the size, as opposed to the number, of pre-existing skeletal muscle fibers. The protein growth factor insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) has been demonstrated to be sufficient to induce skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Over the past few years, signaling pathways which are activated by IGF-1, and which are responsible for regulating protein synthesis pathways, have been defined. More recently, it has been show that IGF-1 can also block the transcriptional upregulation of key mediators of skeletal muscle atrophy, the ubiquitin-ligases MuRF1 and MAFbx (also called Atrogin-1). Further, it has been demonstrated recently that activation of the NF-kappaB transcription pathway, activated by cachectic factors such as TNFalpha, is sufficient to induce skeletal muscle atrophy, and this atrophy occurs in part via NF-kappaB-mediated upregulation of MuRF1. Further work has demonstrated a trigger for MAFbx expression upon treatment with TNFalpha--the p38 MAPK pathway. This review will focus on the recent progress in the understanding of molecular signalling, which governs skeletal muscle atrophy and hypertrophy, and the known instances of cross-regulation between the two systems.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Ghulam Hussain:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9090-7789

gh_azer@hotmail.com , ghulamhussain@gcuf.edu.pk

Saiful Islam:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0424-7719

saifulinfs@du.ac.bd

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Food Sci Nutr

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Food Sci Nutr

Journal ID (doi): 10.1002/(ISSN)2048-7177

Journal ID (publisher-id): FSN3

Title: Food Science & Nutrition

Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )

ISSN (Electronic): 2048-7177

Publication date (Electronic): 06 February 2023

Publication date Collection: June 2023

Volume: 11

Issue: 6 ( doiID: 10.1002/fsn3.v11.6 )

Pages: 2767-2775

Affiliations

[ ¹ ] Neurochemicalbiology and Genetics Laboratory (NGL), Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences Government College University Faisalabad Pakistan

[ ² ] Laboratorie of Neuroimmunologia, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Sapienza University Rome Italy

[ ³ ] Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences Government College University Faisalabad Pakistan

[ ⁴ ] Department of Food Sciences Government College University Faisalabad Pakistan

[ ⁵ ] Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad Pakistan

[ ⁶ ] Department of Biochemistry, Sargodha Medical College University of Sargodha Sargodha Pakistan

[ ⁷ ] Department of Biosciences COMSATS University Islamabad Pakistan

[ ⁸ ] Department of Neurology, Allied Hospital Faisalabad Medical University Faisalabad Pakistan

[ ⁹ ] Institute of Nutrition and Food Science University of Dhaka Dhaka Bangladesh

Author notes

[*] [* ] Correspondence

Ghulam Hussain, Neurochemicalbiology and Genetics Laboratory (NGL), Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

Emails: gh_azer@ 123456hotmail.com ; ghulamhussain@ 123456gcuf.edu.pk

Saiful Islam, Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Email: saifulinfs@ 123456du.ac.bd

Author information

Haseeb Anwar https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8438-9700

Ali Imran https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0332-8066

Shoaib Ahmad Malik https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0843-8512

Fakhar Islam https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6935-5924

Ghulam Hussain https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9090-7789

Saiful Islam https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0424-7719

Article

Publisher ID: FSN33255 Other ID: FSN3-2021-09-1600.R2

DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3255

PMC ID: 10261791

SO-VID: f8377b0e-6c75-4a27-8587-5ec7c19ffa59

License:

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

History

Date revision received : 17 January 2023

Date received : 19 September 2021

Date accepted : 23 January 2023

Page count

Figures: 6, Tables: 0, Pages: 9, Words: 5503

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source-schema-version-number 2.0

cover-date June 2023

details-of-publishers-convertor Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:6.2.9 mode:remove_FC converted:13.06.2023

Keywords: cannabis sativa l.,ethyl acetate,functional recovery,natural compounds,n‐hexane,oxidative stress,peripheral nerve injury

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Keywords: cannabis sativa l., ethyl acetate, functional recovery, natural compounds, n‐hexane, oxidative stress, peripheral nerve injury

Comparative evaluation of ethyl acetate and n‐Hexane extracts of Cannabis sativa L. leaves for muscle function restoration after peripheral nerve lesion

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Most cited references 33

Cannabis sativa: The Plant of the Thousand and One Molecules

A novel automated direct measurement method for total antioxidant capacity using a new generation, more stable ABTS radical cation.

Skeletal muscle hypertrophy and atrophy signaling pathways.

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