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      Prevalence and determinants of male partner violence against Mexican women: a population-based study Translated title: Prevalencia y determinantes de violencia de pareja masculina en contra de mujeres mexicanas: un estudio con base poblacional

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          Abstract

          OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of and risk factors for violence against women, inflicted by their male partners, in a representative sample of women residing in the metropolitan area of Cuernavaca Morelos, Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A population-based study was conducted from June to September 1998, among 1 535 women aged 15 to 49 years. Principal components analysis was used to determine the domains of violence that served as the dependent variable. Polynomial logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (OR), with 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: Prevalence of low-moderate level violence was 35.8%, while prevalence of severe violence was 9.5%. The lifetime prevalence of reported rape was 5.9%. The main factors associated with violence were socio-economic status (OR=0.57; 95% CI=0.34-0.95); education level, both of the women studied (test for trend p=0.01) and of the male partner (test for trend p=0.002); number of years living with partner (OR=2.63; 95% CI=1.55-4.45), alcohol use (OR=2.56; 95% CI=2.02-3.25), illegal drug use by partner (OR=6.17; 95% CI=2.37-16.03); violence during childhood (OR=3.40; 95% CI=2.23-5.18), and a history of rape (OR=5.89; 95% CI=2.78-12.5). CONCLUSIONS: Study findings confirm that violence against women is a prevalent phenomenon in Mexico. Awareness-raising campaigns about male partner violence should bring this important issue to the front of public discussion. Such efforts will help assure that future generations do not experience partner violence to the extent that contemporary Mexican women do.

          Translated abstract

          OBJETIVO: Determinar la prevalencia y los factores de riesgo en violencia contra mujeres por parte de sus parejas, en una muestra representativa de aquéllas residentes en el área metropolitana de Cuernavaca, Morelos, México. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: De junio a septiembre de 1998 se realizó un estudio con base poblacional en 1 535 mujeres, de 15 a 49 años de edad. Para construir la variable dependiente se realizó análisis de componentes principales y, adicionalmente, análisis de regresión logística politómica, de lo cual se obtuvieron estimadores de razón de momios (RM), con intervalos de confianza (IC 95%). RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de violencia leve-moderada fue de 35.8%, y de severa 9.5%. La prevalencia de violación fue de 5.9%. Los principales factores asociados con violencia fueron los siguientes: nivel socioeconómico (RM= 0.57; IC 95%= 0.34-0.95); nivel educativo en ambas mujeres (prueba de tendencia p=0.01) y sus parejas (prueba de tendencia p= 0.002); años de convivir con la pareja (RM= 2.63; IC 95%= 1.55-4.45), uso de alcohol y drogas ilegales (RM= 2.56; IC 95%= 2.02-3.25, RM= 6.17; IC 95%= 2.37-16.03, respectivamente); violencia durante la niñez (RM= 3.40; IC 95%= 2.23-5.18) e historia de violación (RM= 5.89; IC 95%= 2.78-12.5). CONCLUSIONES: Este estudio confirma cómo la violencia en contra de las mujeres es un fenómeno prevalente en México. Las campañas de concienciación sobre violencia masculina se deben llevar a discusión pública. Los esfuerzos ayudarán a asegurar que las futuras generaciones de mujeres no experimenten violencia de pareja.

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          The Assessment of Spouse Abuse: Two Quantifiable Dimensions

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            The "battering syndrome": prevalence and clinical characteristics of domestic violence in primary care internal medicine practices.

            To determine the prevalence of domestic violence among female patients and to identify clinical characteristics that are associated with current domestic violence. Cross-sectional, self-administered, anonymous survey. 4 community-based, primary care internal medicine practices. 1952 female patients of varied age and marital, educational, and economic status who were seen from February to July 1993. The survey instrument included previously validated questions on physical and sexual abuse, alcohol abuse, and emotional status and questions on demographic characteristics, physical symptoms, use of street drugs and prescribed medications, and medical and psychiatric history. 108 of the 1952 respondents (5.5%) had experienced domestic violence in the year before presentation. Four hundred eighteen (21.4%) had experienced domestic violence sometime in their adult lives, 429 (22.0%) before age 18 years, and 639 (32.7%) as either an adult or child. Compared with women who had not recently experienced domestic violence, currently abused patients were more likely to be younger than 35 years of age (prevalence ratio [PR], 4.1 [95% CI, 2.8 to 6.0]); were more likely to be single, separated, or divorced (PR, 2.5 [CI, 1.7 to 3.6]); were more likely to be receiving medical assistance or to have no insurance (PR, 4.3 [CI, 2.8 to 6.6]); had more physical symptoms (mean, 7.3 +/- 0.38 compared with 4.6 +/- 0.08; P < 0.001); had higher scores on instruments for depression, anxiety, somatization, and interpersonal sensitivity (low self-esteem) (P < 0.001); were more likely to have a partner abusing drugs or alcohol (PR, 6.3 [CI, 4.4 to 9.2]); were more likely to be abusing drugs (PR, 4.4 [CI, 1.9 to 10.4]) or alcohol (PR, 3.1 [CI, 1.5 to 6.5]); and were more likely to have attempted suicide (PR, 4.3 [CI, 2.8 to 6.5]). They visited the emergency department more frequently (PR, 1.7 [CI, 1.2 to 2.5]) but did not have more hospitalizations for psychiatric disorders. In a logistic regression model into which 9 risk factors were entered, the likelihood of current abuse increased with the number of risk factors, from 1.2% when 0 to 1 risk factors were present to 70.4% when 6 to 7 risk factors were present. In a large, diverse, community-based population of primary care patients, 1 of every 20 women had experienced domestic violence in the previous year; 1 of every 5 had experienced violence in their adult life; and 1 of every 3 had experienced violence as either a child or an adult. Current domestic violence is associated with single or separated status, socioeconomic status, substance abuse, specific psychological symptoms, specific physical symptoms, and the total number of physical symptoms.
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              Epidemiology of HPV infection among Mexican women with normal cervical cytology.

              Cervical cancer is caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) and is the most common cancer among Mexican women, but no population-based studies have reported the prevalence and determinants of HPV infection in Mexico. A population-based study was carried out between 1996 and 1999, based on an age-stratified random sample of 1,340 women with normal cytologic diagnoses from 33 municipalities of Morelos State, Mexico. The prevalence of cervical HPV DNA was determined by reverse line blot strip assay to detect 17 cancer-associated and 10 non-cancer-associated HPV types. Two peaks of HPV DNA prevalence were observed. A first peak of 16.7% was observed in the age group under 25 years. HPV DNA prevalence declined to 3.7% in the age group 35-44 years, then increased progressively to 23% among women 65 years and older. Cancer-associated HPV types were the most common in all age groups; non-cancer-associated HPV types were rare in the young and became more common linearly with age. Twenty-four types of HPV were detected; HPV 16, HPV 53, HPV 31 and HPV 18 were the most common, but none was present in more than 1.7% of subjects. The main determinant of infection with both cancer-associated and non-cancer-associated HPV types was the number of sexual partners in all age groups. Less-educated women were at an increased risk of infection with cancer-associated but not with non-cancer-associated HPV types; low socioeconomic status was associated with detection of non-cancer-associated HPV types. Among young women an increasing number of pregnancies was associated with lower HPV detection and among older women low socioeconomic status was related to increased HPV detection, particularly for the age group 35-54 years. Among women with cancer-associated HPV types, there was a higher intensity of polymerase chain reaction signal in younger than in older age groups (p < 0.001). We present additional evidence for the sexually transmitted nature of HPV infection, regardless of age group and HPV type. We confirm previous findings of a second peak of high-risk HPV infections in postmenopausal women, in this case with a clear predominance of cancer-associated HPV types. In populations with this pattern, which can be related to reactivation of latent HPV infections or high previous exposure in older women, screening with HPV testing can have a reduced specificity among older women if proper cut-off points for HPV positivity are not used. Longitudinal studies of immune responses to HPV infection in different age groups are warranted.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                spm
                Salud Pública de México
                Salud pública Méx
                Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico )
                0036-3634
                April 2004
                : 46
                : 2
                : 113-122
                Affiliations
                [02] Cuernavaca Morelos orgnameInstituto Mexicano del Seguro Social México
                [03] Cuernavaca Morelos orgnameUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México orgdiv1Centro Regional de Investigación Multidisciplinaria México
                [01] Cuernavaca Morelos orgnameInstituto Nacional de Salud Pública orgdiv1Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional México
                Article
                S0036-36342004000200005 S0036-3634(04)04600205
                10.1590/s0036-36342004000200005
                f7dbba52-1c42-422a-ad74-283303b44000

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 19 February 2003
                : 30 September 2003
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 30, Pages: 10
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                SciELO Mexico

                Self URI: Full text available only in PDF format (EN)
                Categories
                Original articles

                partner violence,México,prevalencia,mujeres,genero,violencia de pareja,Mexico,prevalence,women,gender

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