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      Microbiological risk infection assessment using QMRA in agriculture systems in Côte d’Ivoire, West Africa

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          Abstract

          Poor wastewater management that results from a lack of appropriate sanitation infrastructure contributes to increasing health risks in urban areas in Côte d’Ivoire. We assessed the health risks associated with the use of wastewater for watering salad destined for human consumption, to help local authorities in developing appropriate risk mitigation measures for Yamoussoukro, the political capital of Côte d’Ivoire. We applied a stochastic approach based on quantitative microbiological risk assessment (QMRA), focusing on wastewater for farming activities and salad consumption at the household level. Farming activities rely on a large degree on contaminated water and are conducted without any protection. The QMRA highlights that the poor quality of watering water increased the microbiological risk of the two assessed groups of urban farmers and individual households. The annual risk of infection due to watering wastewater in the city is estimated at 0.01 per person per year (pppy) for Giardia lamblia and 0.2 pppy for Escherichia coli O157:H7. The annual risk from salad consumption is 0.01 pppy for G. lamblia and 0.9 pppy for E. coli O157:H7. Both the annual risks from farming activities and salad consumption were higher than the tolerable standard of risk of 10 −4 pppy as defined by the World Health Organization. There is a need to conduct a risk analysis and a cost-effectiveness study on intervention to improve public health and the livelihoods of the producers which are women in majority in Yamoussoukro.

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          Burden of disease from inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene in low- and middle-income settings: a retrospective analysis of data from 145 countries

          Objective To estimate the burden of diarrhoeal diseases from exposure to inadequate water, sanitation and hand hygiene in low- and middle-income settings and provide an overview of the impact on other diseases. Methods For estimating the impact of water, sanitation and hygiene on diarrhoea, we selected exposure levels with both sufficient global exposure data and a matching exposure-risk relationship. Global exposure data were estimated for the year 2012, and risk estimates were taken from the most recent systematic analyses. We estimated attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) by country, age and sex for inadequate water, sanitation and hand hygiene separately, and as a cluster of risk factors. Uncertainty estimates were computed on the basis of uncertainty surrounding exposure estimates and relative risks. Results In 2012, 502 000 diarrhoea deaths were estimated to be caused by inadequate drinking water and 280 000 deaths by inadequate sanitation. The most likely estimate of disease burden from inadequate hand hygiene amounts to 297 000 deaths. In total, 842 000 diarrhoea deaths are estimated to be caused by this cluster of risk factors, which amounts to 1.5% of the total disease burden and 58% of diarrhoeal diseases. In children under 5 years old, 361 000 deaths could be prevented, representing 5.5% of deaths in that age group. Conclusions This estimate confirms the importance of improving water and sanitation in low- and middle-income settings for the prevention of diarrhoeal disease burden. It also underscores the need for better data on exposure and risk reductions that can be achieved with provision of reliable piped water, community sewage with treatment and hand hygiene.
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            A systematic review of urban agriculture and food security impacts in low-income countries

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              Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                (+225) 78 26 13 49 , parfait.kouame@csrs.ci
                Journal
                Environ Monit Assess
                Environ Monit Assess
                Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
                Springer International Publishing (Cham )
                0167-6369
                1573-2959
                28 October 2017
                28 October 2017
                2017
                : 189
                : 11
                : 587
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2176 6353, GRID grid.410694.e, Unité de Formation et de Recherche des Sciences de la Terre et des Ressources Minières, UFR-STRM, , Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, ; 22 BP 582, Abidjan, 22 Côte d’Ivoire
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0697 1172, GRID grid.462846.a, Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, ; 01 BP 1303, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
                [3 ]International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Room 301-302, B1 Building, Van Phuc Diplomatic Compound 298 Kim Ma Street, Ba Dinh District, Hanoi, Vietnam
                [4 ]Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Water, Sanitation and Solid Waste for Development, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
                [5 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0587 0574, GRID grid.416786.a, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Swiss TPH, ; Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
                Article
                6279
                10.1007/s10661-017-6279-6
                5660835
                29080954
                f771e639-0cd4-45ea-b579-8776b962a9b3
                © The Author(s) 2017

                Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

                History
                : 9 March 2017
                : 5 October 2017
                Funding
                Funded by: NCCR North South
                Funded by: Programme d’Appui Stratégique à la Recherche Scientifique (PASRES)
                Funded by: CFBE
                Categories
                Article
                Custom metadata
                © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2017

                General environmental science
                qmra,health risk,agriculture system,wastewater,surface water,côte d’ivoire

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