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      Crecimiento, estado nutricional y composición corporal: un estudio transversal sobre las manifestaciones del dimorfismo sexual en escolares de Tucumán, Argentina Translated title: Growth, nutritional status and body composition: a cross-sectional study on manifestations of sexual dimorphism in schoolchildren in Tucumán, Argentina

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN Introducción El dimorfismo sexual (DS) del crecimiento se expresa fundamentalmente en el tamaño, la forma y la composición corporal. Depende en gran medida de factores genéticos y hormonales; aunque su expresión se ve condicionada por las características del entorno, entre ellas la desnutrición. No obstante, la relación entre sobrepeso, obesidad y DS ha sido poco explorada. Objetivo: Analizar si existen diferencias sexuales en el crecimiento y la composición corporal de escolares de Tucumán (Argentina) e identificar si la expresión del DS se modifica en presencia de sobrepeso u obesidad. Material y Métodos Estudio antropométrico transverso en escolares de ambos sexos. Se relevaron: Peso corporal; Talla; Circunferencias (brazo, cintura y cadera) y Pliegues subcutáneos (bicipital, tricipital, subescapular y suprailíaco). Se calcularon: Índice de Masa de Corporal (IMC), Índice Subescapular/Tricipital (IST), Áreas Muscular y Grasa del brazo. Se determinó el estado nutricional de cada participante, conformándose tres grupos: 1) con estado nutricional adecuado, 2) con sobrepeso y 3) con obesidad. Se realizaron comparaciones sexuales mediante pruebas U de Mann-Whitney en la población total y en cada grupo de estado nutricional. Se consideró un nivel de significación p<0,05. Resultados La muestra estuvo compuesta por un 52,7% de varones y 47,3% de mujeres (n=1.844) con edades comprendidas entre 8,0 y 11,9 años. Las niñas presentaron medias superiores en la mayoría de las variables analizadas; con diferencias sexuales más evidentes a los 11 años. Considerando el estado nutricional, el 12,9% presentó sobrepeso y el 19,0% obesidad, sin diferencias sexuales significativas. Conclusiones El patrón dimórfico de los escolares con sobrepeso y obesidad se vio atenuado con respecto a quienes presentaron un estado nutricional adecuado. Los varones con obesidad presentaron crecimiento relativo mayor en las variables asociadas al tejido adiposo; dando cuenta de la mayor ecosensibilidad masculina a ambientes obesogénicos.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Introduction Growth sexual dimorphism (SD) mainly involves size, shape and body composition. It largely depends on genetic and hormonal factors, although its expression is conditioned by environmental characteristics, including undernutrition. However, the relationship between overweight, obesity and SD has been little explored. Objective: To analyze sexual differences in growth and body composition of schoolchildren from Tucumán (Argentina) and identify whether SD expression is affected by overweight or obesity. Material and Methods Cross-sectional anthropometric study in schoolchildren of both sexes. Variables measured: body weight, size, circumference (arm, waist and hip) and skinfolds (bicipital, tricipital, subscapular and suprailiac). Body mass index, subscapular/triceps index, muscle and fat arm areas were calculated. The nutritional status of schoolchildren was determined, and they were accordingly divided into three groups: adequate, overweight and obese. Mann-Whitney U test was used to perform SD comparisons in total population and among each nutritional status group. A p level <0.05 was considered significant. Results The sample consisted of 52.7% of men and 47.3% of women (n=1,844) with ages between 8.0 and 11.9 years. Girls presented higher means in most of the variables analyzed, with more evident sexual differences at 11 years. Considering nutritional status, 12.9% were overweight and 19.0% obese, with no significant sex differences. Conclusions The dimorphic pattern was attenuated in overweight and obese schoolchildren compared with adequate nutritional status. Obese boys showed a relatively higher growth in variables associated with adipose tissue, accounting for the greater male ecosensitivity to obesogenic environments.

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          Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128·9 million children, adolescents, and adults

          Summary Background Underweight, overweight, and obesity in childhood and adolescence are associated with adverse health consequences throughout the life-course. Our aim was to estimate worldwide trends in mean body-mass index (BMI) and a comprehensive set of BMI categories that cover underweight to obesity in children and adolescents, and to compare trends with those of adults. Methods We pooled 2416 population-based studies with measurements of height and weight on 128·9 million participants aged 5 years and older, including 31·5 million aged 5–19 years. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1975 to 2016 in 200 countries for mean BMI and for prevalence of BMI in the following categories for children and adolescents aged 5–19 years: more than 2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference for children and adolescents (referred to as moderate and severe underweight hereafter), 2 SD to more than 1 SD below the median (mild underweight), 1 SD below the median to 1 SD above the median (healthy weight), more than 1 SD to 2 SD above the median (overweight but not obese), and more than 2 SD above the median (obesity). Findings Regional change in age-standardised mean BMI in girls from 1975 to 2016 ranged from virtually no change (−0·01 kg/m2 per decade; 95% credible interval −0·42 to 0·39, posterior probability [PP] of the observed decrease being a true decrease=0·5098) in eastern Europe to an increase of 1·00 kg/m2 per decade (0·69–1·35, PP>0·9999) in central Latin America and an increase of 0·95 kg/m2 per decade (0·64–1·25, PP>0·9999) in Polynesia and Micronesia. The range for boys was from a non-significant increase of 0·09 kg/m2 per decade (−0·33 to 0·49, PP=0·6926) in eastern Europe to an increase of 0·77 kg/m2 per decade (0·50–1·06, PP>0·9999) in Polynesia and Micronesia. Trends in mean BMI have recently flattened in northwestern Europe and the high-income English-speaking and Asia-Pacific regions for both sexes, southwestern Europe for boys, and central and Andean Latin America for girls. By contrast, the rise in BMI has accelerated in east and south Asia for both sexes, and southeast Asia for boys. Global age-standardised prevalence of obesity increased from 0·7% (0·4–1·2) in 1975 to 5·6% (4·8–6·5) in 2016 in girls, and from 0·9% (0·5–1·3) in 1975 to 7·8% (6·7–9·1) in 2016 in boys; the prevalence of moderate and severe underweight decreased from 9·2% (6·0–12·9) in 1975 to 8·4% (6·8–10·1) in 2016 in girls and from 14·8% (10·4–19·5) in 1975 to 12·4% (10·3–14·5) in 2016 in boys. Prevalence of moderate and severe underweight was highest in India, at 22·7% (16·7–29·6) among girls and 30·7% (23·5–38·0) among boys. Prevalence of obesity was more than 30% in girls in Nauru, the Cook Islands, and Palau; and boys in the Cook Islands, Nauru, Palau, Niue, and American Samoa in 2016. Prevalence of obesity was about 20% or more in several countries in Polynesia and Micronesia, the Middle East and north Africa, the Caribbean, and the USA. In 2016, 75 (44–117) million girls and 117 (70–178) million boys worldwide were moderately or severely underweight. In the same year, 50 (24–89) million girls and 74 (39–125) million boys worldwide were obese. Interpretation The rising trends in children's and adolescents' BMI have plateaued in many high-income countries, albeit at high levels, but have accelerated in parts of Asia, with trends no longer correlated with those of adults. Funding Wellcome Trust, AstraZeneca Young Health Programme.
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            Overview of Epidemiology and Contribution of Obesity and Body Fat Distribution to Cardiovascular Disease: An Update

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              A general theory of sexual differentiation.

              A general theory of mammalian sexual differentiation is proposed. All biological sex differences are the result of the inequality in effects of the sex chromosomes, which are the only factors that differ in XX vs. XY zygotes. This inequality leads to male-specific effects of the Y chromosome, including expression of the testis-determining gene Sry that causes differentiation of testes. Thus, Sry sets up lifelong sex differences in effects of gonadal hormones. Y genes also act outside of the gonads to cause male-specific effects. Differences in the number of X chromosomes between XX and XY cells cause sex differences in expression (1) of Xist, (2) of X genes that escape inactivation, and (3) of parentally imprinted X genes. Sex differences in phenotype are ultimately the result of multiple, independent sex-biasing factors, hormonal and sex chromosomal. These factors act in parallel and in combination to induce sex differences. They also can offset each other to reduce sex differences. Other mechanisms, operating at the level of populations, cause groups of males to differ on average from groups of females. The theory frames questions for further study, and directs attention to inherent sex-biasing factors that operate in many tissues to cause sex differences, and to cause sex-biased protection from disease. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                renhyd
                Revista Española de Nutrición Humana y Dietética
                Rev Esp Nutr Hum Diet
                Academia Española de Nutrición y Dietética (Pamplona, Navarra, Spain )
                2173-1292
                2174-5145
                March 2020
                : 24
                : 1
                : 50-60
                Affiliations
                [2] La Plata Buenos Aires orgnameUniversidad Nacional de La Plata orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo orgdiv2Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Ontogenia y Adaptación Argentina
                [1] San Miguel de Tucumán Buenos Aires orgnameConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas orgdiv1Instituto Superior de Estudios Sociales, Centro Científico Tecnológico NOA Sur Argentina
                Article
                S2174-51452020000100006 S2174-5145(20)02400100006
                10.14306/renhyd.24.1.794
                f72cb93b-c499-4380-b45b-0f96f0d1c699

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 23 May 2019
                : 20 December 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 36, Pages: 11
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Investigaciones

                Obesity,Growth,Overweight,Adipose Tissue,Sex Characteristics,Sex Differentiation,Child Health,Crecimiento,Sobrepeso,Obesidad,Tejido Adiposo,Caracteres Sexuales,Diferenciación Sexual,Salud del Niño

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