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      Accumulation of starch in Zn-deficient rice

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          Abstract

          Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient for living organisms, and understanding the molecular mechanisms of Zn deficiency may help to develop strategies to mitigate this problem. Microarray analysis of Zn deficient rice revealed the up-regulation of several genes involved in Zn transport. Moreover many genes involved in starch synthesis/transport were up-regulated by Zn deficiency in rice roots and shoots. Furthermore, starch granules were detected mainly in the cortical cells of these tissues. The gene encoding inactive RNase was much more highly transcribed than those encoding active RNases. Although the level of RNA degradation in a crude extract of Zn-deficient shoots was higher than that of Zn-sufficient shoots, addition of Zn significantly reduced the level of degradation. These results indicate that RNA degradation could be regulated by the amount of Zn in the cell, and that the tolerance of rice plants to low levels of Zn is promoted by the accumulation of starch and inactive RNase.

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          The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1939-8433-5-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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          Zinc in plants.

          Martin Broadley, Philip White, John P. Hammond … (2007)
          Zinc (Zn) is an essential component of thousands of proteins in plants, although it is toxic in excess. In this review, the dominant fluxes of Zn in the soil-root-shoot continuum are described, including Zn inputs to soils, the plant availability of soluble Zn(2+) at the root surface, and plant uptake and accumulation of Zn. Knowledge of these fluxes can inform agronomic and genetic strategies to address the widespread problem of Zn-limited crop growth. Substantial within-species genetic variation in Zn composition is being used to alleviate human dietary Zn deficiencies through biofortification. Intriguingly, a meta-analysis of data from an extensive literature survey indicates that a small proportion of the genetic variation in shoot Zn concentration can be attributed to evolutionary processes whose effects manifest above the family level. Remarkable insights into the evolutionary potential of plants to respond to elevated soil Zn have recently been made through detailed anatomical, physiological, chemical, genetic and molecular characterizations of the brassicaceous Zn hyperaccumulators Thlaspi caerulescens and Arabidopsis halleri.
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            Arabidopsis transcription factors: genome-wide comparative analysis among eukaryotes.

            J Riechmann, S Ratcliffe, L Reuber … (2000)
            The completion of the Arabidopsis thaliana genome sequence allows a comparative analysis of transcriptional regulators across the three eukaryotic kingdoms. Arabidopsis dedicates over 5% of its genome to code for more than 1500 transcription factors, about 45% of which are from families specific to plants. Arabidopsis transcription factors that belong to families common to all eukaryotes do not share significant similarity with those of the other kingdoms beyond the conserved DNA binding domains, many of which have been arranged in combinations specific to each lineage. The genome-wide comparison reveals the evolutionary generation of diversity in the regulation of transcription.
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              Three rice nicotianamine synthase genes, OsNAS1, OsNAS2, and OsNAS3 are expressed in cells involved in long-distance transport of iron and differentially regulated by iron.

              Haruhiko Inoue, Hiromi Nakanishi, Kyoko Higuchi … (2003)
              Nicotianamine (NA), a chelator of metals, is ubiquitously present in higher plants. In graminaceous plants, NA is a biosynthetic precursor of phytosiderophores and is thus a crucial component for iron (Fe) acquisition. Here, we show that three rice NA synthase (NAS) genes, OsNAS1, OsNAS2, and OsNAS3 are expressed in cells involved in long-distance transport of Fe and that the three genes are differentially regulated by Fe. OsNAS1 and OsNAS2 transcripts were detected in Fe-sufficient roots but not in leaves, and levels of both increased markedly in both roots and leaves in response to Fe deficiency. In contrast, the OsNAS3 transcript was present in leaves but was very low in roots of Fe-sufficient plants. Further, OsNAS3 expression was induced in roots but was suppressed in leaves in response to Fe deficiency. Promoter-GUS analysis revealed that OsNAS1 and OsNAS2 were expressed in Fe-sufficient roots in companion cells and pericycle cells adjacent to the protoxylem. With Fe deficiency, OsNAS1 and OsNAS2 expression extended to all root cells along with an increase in phytosiderophore secretion. In Fe-deficient plants, OsNAS1 and OsNAS2 were expressed in the vascular bundles of green leaves and in all cells of leaves showing severe chlorosis. OsNAS3 expression was restricted to the pericycle and companion cells of the roots, and in companion cells of leaves irrespective of Fe status. These results strongly suggested that NAS and NA play an important role in long-distance transport of Fe in rice plants, in addition to their roles in phytosiderophore secretion from roots.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Motofumi Suzuki: motofumi95@yahoo.co.jp
                Khurram Bashir: bashirkhurram@hotmail.com
                Haruhiko Inoue: haruhiko@nias.affrc.go.jp
                Michiko Takahashi: nicotianamine@hotmail.co.jp
                Hiromi Nakanishi: ahnaka@mail.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp
                Naoko K Nishizawa: annaoko@mail.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Rice (N Y)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Rice (N Y)
                Title: Rice
                Publisher: Springer New York (New York )
                ISSN (Print): 1939-8425
                ISSN (Electronic): 1939-8433
                Publication date (Electronic): 6 April 2012
                Publication date PMC-release: 6 April 2012
                Publication date Collection: 2012
                Volume: 5
                Electronic Location Identifier: 9
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.26999.3d, ISNI 000000012151536X, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, , The University of Tokyo, ; 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
                [2 ]GRID grid.443808.3, Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, , Ishikawa Prefectural University, ; 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi-shi, Ishikawa, 921-8836 Japan
                Article
                Publisher ID: 11
                DOI: 10.1186/1939-8433-5-9
                PMC ID: 5520845
                PubMed ID: 27234235
                SO-VID: f6ce3de7-8d6f-4302-b136-c9c84cddeeda
                Copyright © © Suzuki et al.; licensee Springer. 2012
                License:

                This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 13 February 2012
                Date accepted : 6 April 2012
                Categories
                Subject: Research
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2012

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Agriculture
                Keywords: microarray,rice,rnase,starch accumulation,zinc,zinc deficiency
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Agriculture
                Keywords: microarray, rice, rnase, starch accumulation, zinc, zinc deficiency

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