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      Magnetic resonance imaging: dynamic contrast enhancement and diffusion-weighted imaging to identify malignant cervical lymph nodes Translated title: Uso do contraste dinâmico e da sequência de difusão em ressonância magnética na identificação de linfonodos cervicais malignos

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          Abstract

          Objective

          To examine the potential of two magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques-dynamic contrast enhancement (DCE) and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI)-for the detection of malignant cervical lymph nodes.

          Materials and Methods

          Using DCE and DWI, we evaluated 33 cervical lymph nodes. For the DCE technique, the maximum relative enhancement, relative enhancement, time to peak enhancement, wash-in rate, wash-out rate, brevity of enhancement, and area under the curve were calculated from a semi-quantitative analysis. For the DWI technique, apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) were acquired in the region of interest of each lymph node. Cystic or necrotic parts were excluded. All patients underwent neck dissection or node biopsy. Imaging results were correlated with the histopathological findings. None of the patients underwent neoadjuvant treatment before neck dissection.

          Results

          Relative enhancement, maximum relative enhancement, and the wash-in rate were significantly higher in malignant lymph nodes than in benign lymph nodes ( p < 0.009; p < 0.05; and p < 0.03, respectively). The time to peak enhancement was significantly shorter in the malignant lymph nodes ( p < 0.02). In the multivariate analysis, the variables identified as being the most capable of distinguishing between benign and malignant lymph nodes were time to peak enhancement (sensitivity, 73.7%; specificity, 69.2%) and relative enhancement (sensitivity, 89.2%; specificity, 69.2%).

          Conclusion

          Although DCE was able to differentiate between benign and malignant lymph nodes, there is still no consensus regarding the use of a semi-quantitative analysis, which is difficult to apply in a clinical setting. Low ADCs can predict metastatic disease, although inflammatory processes might lead to false-positive results.

          Translated abstract

          Objetivo

          Examinar o potencial das imagens de contraste dinâmico (DCE-MRI) e difusão (DW-MRI) em ressonância magnética na detecção de linfonodos cervicais malignos.

          Materiais e Métodos

          Foram realizadas DCE-MRI e DW-MRI em 33 linfonodos cervicais. Os valores de realce relativo máximo, realce relativo, tempo de pico, taxa de realce e lavagem, brevidade do realce e área sob a curva foram avaliados pela análise semiquantitativa (DCE-MRI). Os coeficientes de difusão aparente na DW-MRI foram obtidos na área de interesse. Foram excluídas partes císticas ou necróticas dos nódulos. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a dissecção cervical ou a biópsia. Os resultados de imagem foram correlacionados com os achados patológicos. Nenhum paciente foi submetido a tratamento neoadjuvante antes da dissecção do pescoço.

          Resultados

          Realce relativo, realce relativo máximo e taxa de realce aumentaram nos nódulos malignos ( p < 0,009, p < 0,05 e p < 0,03, respectivamente). O tempo de pico foi reduzido nos nódulos malignos ( p < 0,02). A análise multivariada identificou tempo de pico (sensibilidade, 73,7%; especificidade, 69,2%) e realce relativo (sensibilidade, 89,2%; especificidade, 69,2%) como variáveis capazes de distinguir os nódulos benignos e malignos.

          Conclusão

          Embora o DCE-MRI possa diferenciar os nódulos benignos e malignos, ainda não há consenso sobre a técnica de análise semiquantitativa, em razão de dificuldade de aplicação clínica. Valores baixos do coeficiente de difusão aparente podem predizer nódulo metastático, mas devem-se considerar também resultados falso-positivos, provavelmente secundários ao processo inflamatório.

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          Most cited references19

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          Recurrence at the primary site in head and neck cancer and the significance of neck lymph node metastases as a prognostic factor.

          Biologic aggressiveness of head and neck carcinoma is reflected in its capability to metastasize to regional lymph nodes and its propensity to recur after treatment. The authors report on 244 patients treated at the Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery of the Free University Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, with excision of primary tumor with incontinuity neck dissection with or without postoperative radiation therapy between January 1973 and July 1986. All patients had surgical margins free of tumor. The overall recurrence rate was 12.3%. Stages T3-4 and the presence of more than three positive nodes on histopathologic examination were associated with a 16.2% and 26.2% incidence in recurrence at the primary site, respectively. No prognostic influence arose from primary tumor localization, three or fewer positive nodes, extranodal spread, and postoperative radiation therapy. Patients with T3-4 disease and those with more than three positive lymph nodes may benefit from novel adjuvant treatment modalities.
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            Discrimination of metastatic cervical lymph nodes with diffusion-weighted MR imaging in patients with head and neck cancer.

            Metastasis to the regional cervical lymph nodes may be associated with alterations in water diffusivity and microcirculation of the node. We tested whether diffusion-weighted MR imaging could discriminate metastatic nodes. Diffusion-weighted echo-planar and T1- and T2-weighted MR imaging sequences were performed on histologically proved metastatic cervical lymph nodes (25 nodes), benign lymphadenopathy (25 nodes), and nodal lymphomas (five nodes). The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) was calculated by using two b factors (500 and 1000 s/mm(2)). The ADC was significantly greater in metastatic lymph nodes (0.410 +/- 0.105 x 10(-3) mm(2)/s, P /= 0.400 x 10(-3) mm(2)/s) yielded a moderate negative predictive value (71%) and high positive predictive value (93%). Receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrated that the criteria of abnormal signal intensity on T1- or T2-weighted images (A(z) = 0.8437 +/- 0.0230) and ADC (A(z) = 0.8440 +/- 0.0538) provided similar levels of diagnostic ability in differentiating metastatic nodes. The ADC from metastatic nodes from highly or moderately differentiated cancers (0.440 +/- 0.020 x 10(-3) mm(2)/s, P <.01) was significantly greater than that from poorly differentiated cancers (0.356 +/- 0.042 x 10(-3) mm(2)/s). Diffusion-weighted imaging is useful in discriminating metastatic nodes.
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              Value of diffusion-weighted MR imaging in the differentiation between benign and malignant cervical lymph nodes.

              To evaluate echo-planar diffusion-weighted MR imaging (DWI) in the differentiation between benign and malignant cervical lymph nodes. 35 consecutive patients with 55 enlarged (>10mm) cervical lymph nodes underwent MR imaging at 1.5-T. DWI was performed using a single-shot echo-planar (SSEPI) MR imaging sequence with b values (b: diffusion factor) of 0, 500 and 1000 s/mm(2). Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps were reconstructed for all patients and ADC values were calculated for each lymph node. Imaging results were correlated with histopathologic findings after neck dissection or surgical biopsy, findings in PET/CT or imaging follow-up. Mann-Whitney test was used for statistical analysis and a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed. Cervical lymph node enlargement was secondary to metastases from squamous cell carcinomas [n=25], non-Hodgkin's lymphoma [n=6], reactive lymphadenitis [n=20], cat scratch lymphadenitis [n=2] and sarcoidosis [n= 2]. The mean ADC values (x10(-3) mm(2)/s) were 0.78+/-0.09 for metastatic lymph nodes, 0.64+/-0.09 for lymphomatous nodes and 1.24+/-0.16 for benign cervical lymph nodes. ADC values of malignant lymph nodes were significantly lower than ADC values of benign lymph nodes. 94.3% of lesions were correctly classified as benign or malignant using a threshold ADC value of 1.02 x 10(-3) mm(2)/s. According to our first experience, DWI using a SSEPI sequence allows reliable differentiation between benign and malignant cervical lymph nodes.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Radiol Bras
                Radiol Bras
                rb
                Radiologia Brasileira
                Colégio Brasileiro de Radiologia e Diagnóstico por Imagem
                0100-3984
                1678-7099
                Mar-Apr 2018
                Mar-Apr 2018
                : 51
                : 2
                : 71-75
                Affiliations
                [1 ] MD, PhD, Head and Neck Radiology, Radiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
                [2 ] MD, PhD, Professor of Head and Neck Surgery, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
                [3 ] MD, FACR, University of California San Diego (UC San Diego) Health System in La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA.
                [4 ] MD, PhD, Professor of Neuroradiology, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
                Author notes
                Mailing address: Dr. Murilo Bicudo Cintra. FMRP-USP, Divisão de Radiologia, Departamento de Clínica Médica. Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Monte Alegre. Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil, 14048-900. E-mail: bicudocintra@ 123456gmail.com .
                Article
                10.1590/0100-3984.2017.0005
                5935398
                29743732
                f6c74e85-c6fb-4e37-9065-b987af17f212
                © Colégio Brasileiro de Radiologia e Diagnóstico por Imagem

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 04 January 2017
                : 02 March 2017
                Categories
                Original Articles

                lymph nodes/diagnostic imaging,lymphatic metastasis/diagnostic imaging,magnetic resonance imaging/methods,diffusion magnetic resonance imaging,linfonodos/diagnóstico por imagem,metástase linfática/diagnóstico por imagem,ressonância magnética/métodos,difusão por ressonância magnética

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