Bacillus subtilis und seine Stoffwechselprodukte als Agenzien zur Resistenzinduktion gegen Blattläuse auf Ackerbohne (Vicia faba) und Sommerweizen (Triticum aestivum)

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Abstract

Bacillus subtilis Stämme vom FZB - FZB24, FZB37 und FZB38 des FZB Biotechnik, Berlin - und ihre Stoffwechselprodukte wurden als Agenzien für eine Resistenzinduktion gegen Schädiger in drei Wirtspflanzen-Erreger-Systemen, Vicia faba - Uromyces appendiculatus, Vicia faba - Aphis fabae und Triticum aestivum - Rhopalosiphum padi untersucht. Prä-inokulativ wurden Blätter und Saatgut der Pflanzen mit den Testsubstanzen behandelt. Zur Testung gelangten Bakterien-Kulturfiltrat (KF), KF-Zenrifugationsüberstände, die vegetativen Zellen und Sporen der B. subtilis Stämme. Nach lokaler Applikation der KF-Überstände von B. subtilis auf die Wirtspflanzenblätter konnte eine erhebliche Breite antibiotischer (entwicklungshemmender) Wirkungen auf A. fabae und R. padi beobachtet werden. Eine Untersuchung der freien Aminosäuren im Phloemsaft von Vicia faba zeigte, daß sich nach Befall von Aphis fabae speziell bei den zuvor mit bakteriellem Kulturfiltrat und KF-Überstand behandelten Pflanzen im Vergleich zu der nur mit Wasser behandelten Kontrolle, die Konzentration von neun Aminosäuren änderte.

Abstract

In topical and systemic plant treatment, in three host–parasite systems, i.e. Vicia faba - Uromyces appendiculatus, Vicia faba - Aphis fabae and Triticum aestivum - Rhopalosiphum padi the culture filtrate and supernatant of Bacillus subtilis (FZB24, FZB37 and FZB38 from FZB Biotechnik Berlin) was shown to inhibit the development of urediospores produced by Uromyces appendiculatus. The performance of Aphis fabae and Rhopalosiphum padi was evaluated using life table tests where the aphids'' development time (tD), pre-reproduction time (td), relative growth rate (RGR) and intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) were assessed. A wide range of antibiosis effects in Aphis fabae and Rhopalosiphum padi was observed when the supernatant of Bacillus subtilis was used as foliar topical treatment. The tested aphids presented longer development and pre-reproduction time; conversely a lower relative growth rate and intrinsic rate of natural increase was observed. The investigation of the free amino acids of the phloem sap of V. faba plants, showed the concentration of the amino acid serine remained unchanged in the supernatant induced plants in this study, which was interpreted as the major reason for the observed antibiosis effect on the tested aphids.

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Increase in salicylic Acid at the onset of systemic acquired resistance in cucumber.

J P Métraux, H Signer, J. Ryals … (1990)

In an effort to identify the signal compound that mediates systemic acquired resistance (SAR), changes in the content of phloem sap were monitored in cucumber plants inoculated with either tobacco necrosis virus or the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum lagenarium. The concentration of a fluorescent metabolite was observed to increase transiently after inoculation, with a peak reached before SAR was detected. The compound was purified and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as salicylic acid, a known exogenous inducer of resistance. The data suggest that salicylic acid could function as the endogenous signal in the transmission of SAR in cucumber.

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Structural and functional characterization of gene clusters directing nonribosomal synthesis of bioactive cyclic lipopeptides in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain FZB42.

A Koumoutsi, X-H Chen, A Henne … (2004)

The environmental strain Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 promotes plant growth and suppresses plant pathogenic organisms present in the rhizosphere. We sampled sequenced the genome of FZB42 and identified 2,947 genes with >50% identity on the amino acid level to the corresponding genes of Bacillus subtilis 168. Six large gene clusters encoding nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS) and polyketide synthases (PKS) occupied 7.5% of the whole genome. Two of the PKS and one of the NRPS encoding gene clusters were unique insertions in the FZB42 genome and are not present in B. subtilis 168. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry analysis revealed expression of the antibiotic lipopeptide products surfactin, fengycin, and bacillomycin D. The fengycin (fen) and the surfactin (srf) operons were organized and located as in B. subtilis 168. A large 37.2-kb antibiotic DNA island containing the bmy gene cluster was attributed to the biosynthesis of bacillomycin D. The bmy island was found inserted close to the fen operon. The responsibility of the bmy, fen, and srf gene clusters for the production of the corresponding secondary metabolites was demonstrated by cassette mutagenesis, which led to the loss of the ability to produce these peptides. Although these single mutants still largely retained their ability to control fungal spread, a double mutant lacking both bacillomycin D and fengycin was heavily impaired in its ability to inhibit growth of phytopathogenic fungi, suggesting that both lipopeptides act in a synergistic manner.