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      Syncytin, envelope protein of human endogenous retrovirus (HERV): no longer ‘fossil’ in human genome

      review-article
      a , b , a , b , a , b
      Animal Cells and Systems
      Taylor & Francis
      HERV, syncytin, COVID-19, placenta, cancer, neurodegenerative disease

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          ABSTRACT

          Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are ‘fossil viruses’ that resulted from stable integrations of exogenous retroviruses throughout evolution. HERVs are defective and do not produce infectious viral particles. However, some HERVs retain a limited coding capacity and produce retroviral transcripts and proteins, which function in human developmental process and various pathologies, including many cancers and neurological diseases. Recently, it has been reported that HERVs are differently expressed in COVID-19 disease caused by infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In this review, we discuss the molecular structure and function of HERV ENV proteins, particularly syncytins, and their conventional roles in human development and diseases, and potential involvement in COVID-19 regarding the newly reported mental symptoms. We also address COVID-19 vaccine-related infertility concerns arising from the similarity of syncytin with the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, which have been proved invalid.

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          Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome.

          The human genome holds an extraordinary trove of information about human development, physiology, medicine and evolution. Here we report the results of an international collaboration to produce and make freely available a draft sequence of the human genome. We also present an initial analysis of the data, describing some of the insights that can be gleaned from the sequence.
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            Vaccine hesitancy: the next challenge in the fight against COVID-19

            Vaccine hesitancy remains a barrier to full population inoculation against highly infectious diseases. Coincident with the rapid developments of COVID-19 vaccines globally, concerns about the safety of such a vaccine could contribute to vaccine hesitancy. We analyzed 1941 anonymous questionnaires completed by healthcare workers and members of the general Israeli population, regarding acceptance of a potential COVID-19 vaccine. Our results indicate that healthcare staff involved in the care of COVID-19 positive patients, and individuals considering themselves at risk of disease, were more likely to self-report acquiescence to COVID-19 vaccination if and when available. In contrast, parents, nurses, and medical workers not caring for SARS-CoV-2 positive patients expressed higher levels of vaccine hesitancy. Interventional educational campaigns targeted towards populations at risk of vaccine hesitancy are therefore urgently needed to combat misinformation and avoid low inoculation rates.
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              Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the era of increasing myeloid cell diversity

              Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are pathologically activated neutrophils and monocytes with potent immunosuppressive activity. They are implicated in the regulation of immune responses in many pathological conditions and are closely associated with poor clinical outcomes in cancer. Recent studies have indicated key distinctions between MDSCs and classical neutrophils and monocytes, and, in this Review, we discuss new data on the major genomic and metabolic characteristics of MDSCs. We explain how these characteristics shape MDSC function and could facilitate therapeutic targeting of these cells, particularly in cancer and in autoimmune diseases. Additionally, we briefly discuss emerging data on MDSC involvement in pregnancy, neonatal biology and COVID-19.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Anim Cells Syst (Seoul)
                Anim Cells Syst (Seoul)
                Animal Cells and Systems
                Taylor & Francis
                1976-8354
                2151-2485
                12 January 2022
                2021
                12 January 2022
                : 25
                : 6
                : 358-368
                Affiliations
                [a ]College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
                [b ]Research Institute for Natural Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
                Author notes
                [CONTACT ] Sun-Kyung Lee sunkyungl@ 123456hanyang.ac.kr
                Joohong Ahnn joohong@ 123456hanyang.ac.kr College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Natural Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University , Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6902-2492
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5368-0722
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2229-3580
                Article
                2019109
                10.1080/19768354.2021.2019109
                8765258
                35059135
                f5c4fe9a-da41-460b-a95f-5c8baa5d1145
                © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 101, Pages: 11
                Categories
                Review
                Articles

                herv,syncytin,covid-19,placenta,cancer,neurodegenerative disease

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