Porous starch citrate biopolymer for controlled release of carbofuran in the management of root knot nematode  Meloidogyne incognita

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Highlights

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Starch bio-polymer is a promising material in controlled release formulations for Meloidogyne incognita management.
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The porous starch and starch citrate bio-polymer was prepared and characterised with FTIR, SEM and TGA.
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The SEM revealed highly stabilized biopolymers and the TGA showed increased thermal stability of the materials, while the FTIR confirmed successful synthesis of the bio-polymer.
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Effective control was achieved with porous starch citrate.

Abstract

The undesirable environmental impacts of inappropriate application of pesticides have brought about research into new matrices for controlled release of pesticides. Porous starch citrate biopolymer was designed for the release of carbofuran in this experiment and characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) for functional group, surface morphology and thermal stability properties respectively. The SEM revealed highly stabilized porous starch citrate biopolymers with porous structures and gradients suitable for controlled release studies. The transmittance bands at 3347, 1714 and 1073 cm ⁻¹ for OH, CO and COC— [Private characterE00C ] —— stretching vibrations further confirms the successful synthesis of the biopolymer. TGA showed an increase in the thermal stability after citric acid modification with one-step decomposition from 290 ^ᵒC to 500 ^ᵒC. From Korsemeyer-Peppas model, the carbofuran-porous starch citrate (CBFN/PRS/STH/CTRT) followed a lower diffusion release model with gradual increment in all the quantity of carbofuran loaded. An accelerated rate of diffusion percentage was seen in direct application of carbofuran. Egg hatch and mortality of juveniles were recorded on daily basis for seven days. Direct application of carbofuran (CBFN/DRT) and carbofuran-porous starch citrate biopolymer gave the best results with significant (p < 0.05) reduction in egg hatch and higher percentage mortality. The rate of release of carbofuran from the starch citrate bio polymer matrix was significantly lower than the direct application, and in spite of the slow rate of release, higher juvenile mortality and reduction in egg hatch was achieved.

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Top 10 plant-parasitic nematodes in molecular plant pathology.

John Jones, Annelies Haegeman, Etienne G. J. Danchin … (2013)

The aim of this review was to undertake a survey of researchers working with plant-parasitic nematodes in order to determine a 'top 10' list of these pathogens based on scientific and economic importance. Any such list will not be definitive as economic importance will vary depending on the region of the world in which a researcher is based. However, care was taken to include researchers from as many parts of the world as possible when carrying out the survey. The top 10 list emerging from the survey is composed of: (1) root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.); (2) cyst nematodes (Heterodera and Globodera spp.); (3) root lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.); (4) the burrowing nematode Radopholus similis; (5) Ditylenchus dipsaci; (6) the pine wilt nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus; (7) the reniform nematode Rotylenchulus reniformis; (8) Xiphinema index (the only virus vector nematode to make the list); (9) Nacobbus aberrans; and (10) Aphelenchoides besseyi. The biology of each nematode (or nematode group) is reviewed briefly. © 2013 BSPP AND JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD.

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Nanomaterials in plant protection and fertilization: current state, foreseen applications, and research priorities.

Alexander Gogos, Katja Knauer, Thomas D. Bucheli (2012)

Scientific publications and patents on nanomaterials (NM) used in plant protection or fertilizer products have exponentially increased since the millennium shift. While the United States and Germany have published the highest number of patents, Asian countries released most scientific articles. About 40% of all contributions deal with carbon-based NM, followed by titanium dioxide, silver, silica, and alumina. Nanomaterials come in many diverse forms (surprisingly often ≫100 nm), from solid doped particles to (often nonpersistent) polymer and oil-water based structures. Nanomaterials serve equally as additives (mostly for controlled release) and active constituents. Product efficiencies possibly increased by NM should be balanced against enhanced environmental NM input fluxes. The dynamic development in research and its considerable public perception are in contrast with the currently still very small number of NM-containing products on the market. Nanorisk assessment and legislation are largely in their infancies.