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      Neglected Aspects of SARS-CoV-2 Aerosol Transmission in Bathrooms of Multistory and High-Rise Buildings — Beijing Municipality, China, October 2022

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          Abstract

          What is already known about this topic?

          There is a toilet flush-soil stack-floor drain pathway of aerosol transmission in multistory and high-rise buildings, but the influencing factors are not completely clear.

          What is added by this report?

          The poor airtightness of the connecting parts of the floor drain, as well as pressure fluctuations in the sewage pipe during toilet flushing caused by blockage of the soil stack vent, may lead to the cross-floor transmission of viral aerosols through the soil stack and floor drains.

          What are the implications for public health practice?

          In multistory and high-rise buildings, the bathroom floor drains should be kept sealed, and floor drain connecting parts should be airtight. Furthermore, the soil stack vent should not be blocked. In this way, the cross-floor transmission of viral aerosols can be effectively reduced.

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          Most cited references7

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          Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 during Border Quarantine and Air Travel, New Zealand (Aotearoa)

          Nick Eichler, Craig Thornley, Tara Swadi … (2021)
          The strategy in New Zealand (Aotearoa) to eliminate coronavirus disease requires that international arrivals undergo managed isolation and quarantine and mandatory testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Combining genomic and epidemiologic data, we investigated the origin of an acute case of coronavirus disease identified in the community after the patient had spent 14 days in managed isolation and quarantine and had 2 negative test results. By combining genomic sequence analysis and epidemiologic investigations, we identified a multibranched chain of transmission of this virus, including on international and domestic flights, as well as a probable case of aerosol transmission without direct person-to-person contact. These findings show the power of integrating genomic and epidemiologic data to inform outbreak investigations.
          Article 0 comments Cited 45 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2 due to the chimney effect in two high-rise housing drainage stacks

            Qun Wang, Yuguo Li, David Christopher Lung … (2021)
            Stack aerosols are generated within vertical building drainage stacks during the discharge of wastewater containing feces and exhaled mucus from toilets and washbasins. Fifteen stack aerosol-related outbreaks of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in high-rise buildings have been observed in Hong Kong and Guangzhou. Currently, we investigated two such outbreaks of COVID-19 in Hong Kong, identified the probable role of chimney effect-induced airflow in a building drainage system in the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We injected tracer gas (SF6) into the drainage stacks via the water closet of the index case and monitored tracer gas concentrations in the bathrooms and along the facades of infected and non-infected flats and in roof vents. The air temperature, humidity, and pressure in vertical stacks were also monitored. The measured tracer gas distribution agreed with the observed distribution of the infected cases. Phylogenetic analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences demonstrated clonal spread from a point source in cases along the same vertical column. The stack air pressure and temperature distributions suggested that stack aerosols can spread to indoors through pipe leaks which provide direct evidence for the long-range aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through drainage pipes via the chimney effect.
            Article 0 comments Cited 19 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Field Simulation of Aerosol Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in a Special Building Layout — Guangdong Province, China, 2021

              Zhuona Zhang, Xia Li, Qin Wang … (2021)
              What is already known on this topic? Aerosol transmission was one route for the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and usually occurred in confined spaces. What is added by this report? Aerosol transmission was found to exist between handshake buildings, i.e., buildings with extremely close proximity that formed relatively enclosed spaces. Transmission was mainly affected by the airflow layout caused by switching air conditioners on and off as well as opening and closing doors and windows. What are the implications for public health practice? Centralized isolation and home isolation in handshake buildings creates a risk of SARS-CoV-2 aerosol transmission under certain conditions. Attention should be paid to the influence of air distribution layout on aerosol diffusion in isolation wards, and disinfection of isolation venues should be strengthened.
              Article 0 comments Cited 11 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Rong Zhao
                Dongqun Xu
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): China CDC Wkly
                Journal ID (publisher-id): CCDCW
                Title: China CDC Weekly
                Publisher: Editorial Office of CCDCW, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Beijing, China )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2096-7071
                Publication date (Print): 6 January 2023
                Volume: 5
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 1-4
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
                [2 ] Division of Chemical Analysis, Biology and Medicine, Beijing Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
                [3 ] Mentougou District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
                [4 ] Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
                Author notes
                Article
                Publisher ID: ccdcw-5-1-1
                DOI: 10.46234/ccdcw2023.001
                PMC ID: 9902750
                PubMed ID: 36777470
                SO-VID: f5442822-faf8-4fdd-84e1-ba905215ba2c
                Copyright © Copyright and License information: Editorial Office of CCDCW, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention 2023
                License:

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-Share Alike 4.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/

                History
                Date received : 10 December 2022
                Date accepted : 29 December 2022
                Funding
                Supported by the Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 92043201)
                Categories
                Subject: Preplanned Studies

                Keywords: floor drain,soil stack,toilet flush,vertical aerosol transmission
                Data availability:
                Keywords: floor drain, soil stack, toilet flush, vertical aerosol transmission

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