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      Viral modulation of stress granules

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          Highlights

          ► Assembly of SGs can be dramatically influenced by viruses. ► Viruses have elaborated mechanisms to impose a blockade/induction to SG assembly ► New knowledge on the SG biology may be beneficial in developing new anti-viral drugs.

          Abstract

          Following viral infection, the host responds by mounting a robust anti-viral response with the aim of creating an unfavorable environment for viral replication. As a countermeasure, viruses have elaborated mechanisms to subvert the host response in order to maintain viral protein synthesis and production. In the last decade, several reports have shown that viruses modulate the assembly of stress granules (SGs), which are translationally silent ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) and sites of RNA triage. This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of the interactions between viruses and the host response and how virus-induced modulations in SG abundance play fundamental roles in dictating the success of viral replication.

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          Stress granules: the Tao of RNA triage.

          Paul. Anderson, Nancy Kedersha (2008)
          Cytoplasmic RNA structures such as stress granules (SGs) and processing bodies (PBs) are functional byproducts of mRNA metabolism, sharing substrate mRNA, dynamic properties and many proteins, but also housing separate components and performing independent functions. Each can exist independently, but when coordinately induced they are often tethered together in a cytosolic dance. Although both self-assemble in response to stress-induced perturbations in translation, several recent reports reveal novel proteins and RNAs that are components of these structures but also perform other cellular functions. Proteins that mediate splicing, transcription, adhesion, signaling and development are all integrated with SG and PB assembly. Thus, these ephemeral bodies represent more than just the dynamic sorting of mRNA between translation and decay.
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            RNA granules

            Paul Anderson, Nancy Kedersha (2006)
            Cytoplasmic RNA granules in germ cells (polar and germinal granules), somatic cells (stress granules and processing bodies), and neurons (neuronal granules) have emerged as important players in the posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression. RNA granules contain various ribosomal subunits, translation factors, decay enzymes, helicases, scaffold proteins, and RNA-binding proteins, and they control the localization, stability, and translation of their RNA cargo. We review the relationship between different classes of these granules and discuss how spatial organization regulates messenger RNA translation/decay.
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              P bodies: at the crossroads of post-transcriptional pathways.

              Ana Eulalio, Isabelle Behm-Ansmant, Elisa Izaurralde (2007)
              Post-transcriptional processes have a central role in the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression. Although it has been known for a long time that these processes are functionally linked, often by the use of common protein factors, it has only recently become apparent that many of these processes are also physically connected. Indeed, proteins that are involved in mRNA degradation, translational repression, mRNA surveillance and RNA-mediated gene silencing, together with their mRNA targets, colocalize within discrete cytoplasmic domains known as P bodies. The available evidence indicates that P bodies are sites where mRNAs that are not being translated accumulate, the information carried by associated proteins and regulatory RNAs is integrated, and their fate - either translation, silencing or decay - is decided.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Andrew J. Mouland
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Virus Res
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Virus Res
                Title: Virus Research
                Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
                ISSN (Print): 0168-1702
                ISSN (Electronic): 1872-7492
                Publication date PMC-release: 14 June 2012
                Publication date (Print): November 2012
                Publication date (Electronic): 14 June 2012
                Volume: 169
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 430-437
                Affiliations
                [a ]HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec H3T 1E2, Canada
                [b ]Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada
                [c ]Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 2B4, Canada
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author at: HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec H3T1E2, Canada. Tel.: +1 514 340 8260; fax: +1 514 340 7502. andrew.mouland@ 123456mcgill.ca
                Article
                Publisher ID: S0168-1702(12)00201-8
                DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.06.004
                PMC ID: 7114395
                PubMed ID: 22705970
                SO-VID: f510fb2e-9ac3-490a-8dcb-137f360d8dcc
                Copyright © Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

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                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Keywords: viruses,stress granules,p-bodies,eif2α,rna granules
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Keywords: viruses, stress granules, p-bodies, eif2α, rna granules

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