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      Prevención cuaternaria: Perspectivas desde el Primer nivel de Atención Translated title: Quaternary Prevention: Perspectives from Primary Health Care

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN Introducción: La práctica de la prevención cuaternaria lleva a evitar intervenciones sanitarias innecesarias. Objetivo: Evaluar la relevancia dada a los conceptos de prevención cuaternaria (P4), describir la influencia de entrenamiento en Medicina Basada en Evidencia su práctica y presentar las barreras y facilitadores de la práctica de la P4. El estudio: estudio de métodos mixtos durante 2018 y 2019. Se encuestaron 133 médicos que laboran en atención primaria y se realizaron entrevistas semi-estructuradas a 20 participantes. Se utilizó los principios de la fenomenología para el análisis de los transcritos. Hallazgos: 94% consideran importante la práctica de la P4. A partir de nuestras entrevistas se identificaron barreras y facilitadores para la práctica de la P4 en el primer nivel de atención. Conclusión: Los médicos consideran importante la práctica de la prevención cuaternaria. Las barreras y facilitadores relevantes son las características específicas del sistema sanitario, del paciente y de los médicos.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Background: The practice of quaternary prevention leads to avoid unnecessary health interventions. Objective: To evaluate the relevance given to the concepts of quaternary prevention (P4), to describe the influence of training in Evidence Based Medicine on its practice and to present the barriers and facilitators of the practice of P4. Material and methods: Mixed methods study during 2018 and 2019. We surveyed 133 physicians working in primary care and conducted semi-structured interviews with 20 participants. The principles of phenomenology were used for transcript analysis. Results: 94% consider the practice of P4 to be important. From our interviews, barriers, and facilitators for the practice of P4 at the first level of care were identified. Conclusion: Physicians consider the practice of quaternary prevention to be important. Relevant barriers and facilitators are the specific characteristics of the healthcare system, the patient, and the physicians.

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          The "top 5" lists in primary care: meeting the responsibility of professionalism.

          (2011)
          Physicians can adhere to the principles of professionalism by practicing high-quality, evidence-based care and advocating for just and cost-effective distribution of finite clinical resources. To promote these principles, the National Physicians Alliance (NPA) initiated a project titled "Promoting Good Stewardship in Clinical Practice" that aimed to develop a list of the top 5 activities in family medicine, internal medicine, and pediatrics where the quality of care could be improved. Working groups of NPA members in each of the 3 primary care specialties agreed that an ideal activity would be one that was common in primary care practice, that was strongly supported by the evidence, and that would lead to significant health benefits and reduce risks, harms, and costs. A modification of nominal group process was used to generate a preliminary list of activities. A first round of field testing was conducted with 83 primary care physicians, and a second round of field testing with an additional 172 physicians. The first round of field testing resulted in 1 activity being deleted from the family medicine list. Support for the remaining activities was strong. The second round of field testing showed strong support for all activities. The family medicine and internal medicine groups independently selected 3 activities that were the same, so the final lists reflect 12 unique activities that could improve clinical care. Physician panels in the primary care specialties of family medicine, internal medicine, and pediatrics identified common clinical activities that could lead to higher quality care and better use of finite clinical resources. Field testing showed support among physicians for the evidence supporting the activities, the potential positive impact on medical care quality and cost, and the ease with which the activities could be performed. We recommend that these "Top 5" lists of activities be implemented in primary care practice across the United States.
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            Quaternary prevention: reviewing the concept

            Abstract Background: According to the Wonca International Dictionary for General/Family Practice Quaternary Prevention is defined as: ‘Action taken to identify patient at risk of overmedicalization, to protect him from new medical invasion, and to suggest to him interventions, which are ethically acceptable.’ The concept of quaternary prevention was initially proposed by Marc Jamoulle and the targets were mainly patients with illness but without a disease. Objectives: The purpose of this opinion article is to open the debate around a new possible definition and a new conceptual model of quaternary prevention based on the belief that quaternary prevention should be present in physicians’ minds for every intervention they suggest to a patient. Discussion: The debate around quaternary prevention is vital in the context of contemporary medicine and has expanded worldwide. The human being may suffer harm from medical interventions from conception, during their childhood, during their entire healthy lifetime as well as during a self-limited disease, a chronic disease, or a terminal disease. The current definition of quaternary prevention has limitations because it excludes patients and medical interventions where a quaternary prevention perspective would be needed and useful to protect patients from harm. In this context, a new definition and conceptual model of quaternary prevention is proposed. Conclusion: In this new proposal, quaternary prevention is defined as an ‘action taken to protect individuals (persons/patients) from medical interventions that are likely to cause more harm than good.’
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              Quaternary prevention, an answer of family doctors to overmedicalization.

              In response to the questioning of Health Policy and Management (HPAM) by colleagues on the role of rank and file family physicians in the same journal, the author, a family physician in Belgium, is trying to highlight the complexity and depth of the work of his colleagues and their contribution to the understanding of the organization and economy of healthcare. It addresses, in particular, the management of health elements throughout the ongoing relationship of the family doctor with his/her patients. It shows how the three dimensions of prevention, clearly included in the daily work, are complemented with the fourth dimension, quaternary prevention or prevention of medicine itself, whose understanding could help to control the economic and human costs of healthcare.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rcmhnaaa
                Revista del Cuerpo Médico Hospital Nacional Almanzor Aguinaga Asenjo
                Rev. Cuerpo Med. HNAAA
                Cuerpo Médico Hospital Nacional Almanzor Aguinaga Asenjo (Chiclayo, , Peru )
                2225-5109
                2227-4731
                January 2022
                : 15
                : 1
                : 91-96
                Affiliations
                [3] Lima Lima orgnameUniversidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia Peru
                [1] Lima Lima orgnameUniversidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia orgdiv1Centro de Investigación en Atención Primaria de Salud Peru
                [2] Quebec Quebec orgnameUniversité Laval orgdiv1Centro de investigación de Salud durable (VITAM) Canada
                Article
                S2227-47312022000100015 S2227-4731(22)01500100015
                10.35434/rcmhnaaa.2022.151.1004
                f4faaea4-7786-4eb1-a043-ea2af18af1ca

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 18 January 2022
                : 26 July 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 18, Pages: 6
                Product

                SciELO Peru

                Categories
                Comunicación Corta

                Sobretratamiento,Primary care,Overdiagnosis,Overtreatment,Prevención cuaternaria,Atención Primaria de Salud,Sobrediagnóstico,Quaternary prevention

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