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      Efeitos da exposição à fumaça do cigarro sobre a produção láctea e o crescimento de filhotes de ratas Translated title: The effects of exposing rats to cigarette smoke on milk production and growth of offspring

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          Abstract

          OBJETIVOS: Analisar o efeito da exposição à fumaça do cigarro na gestação e lactação sobre a produção láctea de ratas, ganho ponderal e crescimento linear dos filhotes. MÉTODOS: Três grupos de ratas foram estudados na gestação e lactação: 15 ratas expostas à fumaça do cigarro mais fluxo de ar, 18 ratas manipuladas, isto é, expostas ao fluxo de ar comprimido e 18 ratas controle. Os filhotes foram medidos e pesados a cada 5 dias, do primeiro ao 15º dia. A produção láctea foi estimada pelos métodos de captação de leite em 1 hora e ganho ponderal dos filhotes. RESULTADOS: Os filhotes das ratas expostos à fumaça do cigarro apresentaram menor peso e comprimento ao nascer. Durante a lactação, os filhotes das ratas expostas à fumaça e das apenas manipuladas ganharam menos peso que o grupo controle. A produção láctea pelo método de captação de leite em 1 hora foi reduzida no grupo exposto à fumaça e, em menor proporção, nas ratas do grupo manipulado. Pelo método do ganho ponderal dos filhotes, a produção láctea reduziu-se igualmente nos grupos exposto à fumaça e manipulado, comparados ao grupo controle. CONCLUSÕES: A exposição à fumaça do cigarro comprometeu o peso e o comprimento ao nascer, mas, durante a lactação, também a manipulação comprometeu o ganho de peso dos filhotes. A manipulação e, mais acentuadamente, a exposição ao tabaco prejudicaram a produção de leite.

          Translated abstract

          OBJECTIVES: To analyze the effects of exposure to cigarette smoke during gestation and lactation on the milk production of rats and on the weight gain and linear growth of their offspring. METHODS: Three groups of female rats were studied during gestation and lactation: 15 rats were exposed to cigarette smoke and air flow, 18 rats were handled, i.e., exposed to compressed air flow, and 18 rats were used as controls. Newborn rats were measured and weighed every 5 days, from the first to the 15th day. Milk production was estimated by 1-hour milk extraction and weight gained by litters. RESULTS: The offspring of rats exposed to cigarette smoke weighed less and were shorter at birth. During lactation, the offspring of rats exposed to smoke and also of rats that had merely been handled gained less weight than the control group. Milk production gauged by the 1-hour extraction method was reduced in the group exposed to smoke and, to a lesser extent, also in the group that had been handled. Milk production estimated according to the pups' weight gain was reduced equally in the groups exposed to smoke and merely handled, when compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to cigarette smoke compromised the birth weight and birth length, but during lactation, handling also compromised weight gain of offspring. Handling and, to a greater extent, exposure to tobacco, were prejudicial to milk production.

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          Effects of stress on lactation.

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            Maternal smoking and the risk of early weaning: a meta-analysis.

            This study reviewed evidence on the effect of maternal smoking on early weaning. The following databases and journals were searched: Medline, Scientific Citation Index, Pediatrics, Journal of Pediatrics, New England Journal of Medicine, and Lancet. Analysis was restricted to studies in which infants who had never been breastfed were excluded or the prevalence of breastfeeding initiation was more than 90%. In smoking vs nonsmoking mothers, the random effects odds ratio for weaning before 3 months was 1.93 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.55, 2.40). An adjusted odds ratio of 1.50 (95% CI = 1.34, 1.68) was shown in studies that had lost-to-follow-up rates below 15% and included adequate adjustment for confounding. Maternal smoking increases the risk of early weaning.
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              Anatomy and physiology of lactation.

              Milk secretion is a robust process that proceeds normally in at least 85% of women postpartum. Anecdotal evidence suggests that, with assistance in the techniques of breastfeeding, at least 97% of women can successfully breastfeed their infants. The causes of lack of success in breastfeeding are not well understood because, at least in Western societies, when infants fail to thrive on the breast, formula substitution is easy. Although this article is not the place to discuss possible pathologic mechanisms, breastfeeding failure usually occurs at approximately the first week postpartum, and a much better understanding of the mechanisms by which milk secretion is initiated during this period may help researchers to understand why some women have severe problems with lactation. The general understanding of the mechanisms of milk secretion is fairly good, but the regulatory mechanisms at the cellular and molecular levels have not been given adequate attention and are ripe for future investigation. Other areas that require attention are the behavior correlates of breastfeeding and the transfer of drugs and toxins into milk. The latter may have a long-term impact on infant health and should receive increased attention.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                jped
                Jornal de Pediatria
                J. Pediatr. (Rio J.)
                Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria (Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil )
                0021-7557
                1678-4782
                June 2007
                : 83
                : 3
                : 267-273
                Affiliations
                [02] São Paulo SP orgnameUniversidade de São Paulo orgdiv1Faculdade de Medicina orgdiv2Departamento de Pediatria
                [03] Cuiabá MT orgnameUFMT orgdiv1Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, e Instituto de Saúde Coletiva orgdiv2Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
                [01] Cuiabá MT orgnameUniversidade Federal de Mato Grosso orgdiv1Faculdade de Ciências Médicas orgdiv2Departamento de Pediatria
                Article
                S0021-75572007000400013 S0021-7557(07)08300313
                f4853c19-5571-4dc6-97ac-5ac40a07fb4f

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 26 February 2007
                : 14 September 2006
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 30, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Artigos Originais

                Tabagismo,efeitos tóxicos,lactação,ganho de peso,ratos,Smoking,toxic effects,lactation,weight gain,rats

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