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      The psychological distress and COVID-19 pandemic during lockdown: A cross-sectional study from United Arab Emirates (UAE)

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          Abstract

          Background

          The pandemic resulted in the societal changes as conflicts and instability were the common concerns experienced by families because of the lockdown. However, the psychological impact of the COVID-19 on the United Arab Emirates (UAE) population is not studied extensively.

          Objective

          The study evaluates the psychological impact of lockdown during the pandemic on the people in the UAE.

          Material and methods

          This study was cross-sectional in nature and was conducted using a questionnaire consisting of 35-items. The questions were related to social, psychological, and personal aspects. Multivariate Linear regression was used to find the outcomes between independent variables.

          Results

          The mean value of social phobia was 2.56 ± .620, followed by the mean score of anxiety (2.47 ± .666), stress (2.44 ± .631), and depression (2.42 ± .682). The higher the respondents experienced the scores, the more depression, anxiety, and stress. Demographics such as marital status, age, and occupation and education level have a statistically significant association with social phobia, anxiety, depression, and stress.

          Conclusion

          The study concludes that the lockdown more psychologically impacted males, older people, and unemployed individuals during the pandemic.

          Abstract

          Depression, COVID-19, Anxiety, Psychological effects, Lockdown, UAE, Pandemic, Social phobia, Stress.

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          Most cited references74

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          A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7.

          Robert L Spitzer, Kurt Kroenke, Janet B W Williams … (2006)
          Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is one of the most common mental disorders; however, there is no brief clinical measure for assessing GAD. The objective of this study was to develop a brief self-report scale to identify probable cases of GAD and evaluate its reliability and validity. A criterion-standard study was performed in 15 primary care clinics in the United States from November 2004 through June 2005. Of a total of 2740 adult patients completing a study questionnaire, 965 patients had a telephone interview with a mental health professional within 1 week. For criterion and construct validity, GAD self-report scale diagnoses were compared with independent diagnoses made by mental health professionals; functional status measures; disability days; and health care use. A 7-item anxiety scale (GAD-7) had good reliability, as well as criterion, construct, factorial, and procedural validity. A cut point was identified that optimized sensitivity (89%) and specificity (82%). Increasing scores on the scale were strongly associated with multiple domains of functional impairment (all 6 Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form General Health Survey scales and disability days). Although GAD and depression symptoms frequently co-occurred, factor analysis confirmed them as distinct dimensions. Moreover, GAD and depression symptoms had differing but independent effects on functional impairment and disability. There was good agreement between self-report and interviewer-administered versions of the scale. The GAD-7 is a valid and efficient tool for screening for GAD and assessing its severity in clinical practice and research.
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            The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence

            Samantha K. Brooks, Rebecca K Webster, Louise E. Smith … (2022)
            Summary The December, 2019 coronavirus disease outbreak has seen many countries ask people who have potentially come into contact with the infection to isolate themselves at home or in a dedicated quarantine facility. Decisions on how to apply quarantine should be based on the best available evidence. We did a Review of the psychological impact of quarantine using three electronic databases. Of 3166 papers found, 24 are included in this Review. Most reviewed studies reported negative psychological effects including post-traumatic stress symptoms, confusion, and anger. Stressors included longer quarantine duration, infection fears, frustration, boredom, inadequate supplies, inadequate information, financial loss, and stigma. Some researchers have suggested long-lasting effects. In situations where quarantine is deemed necessary, officials should quarantine individuals for no longer than required, provide clear rationale for quarantine and information about protocols, and ensure sufficient supplies are provided. Appeals to altruism by reminding the public about the benefits of quarantine to wider society can be favourable.
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              Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health in the General Population: A Systematic Review

              Jiaqi Xiong, Orly Lipsitz, Flora Nasri … (2020)
              Highlights • The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in unprecedented hazards to mental health globally. • Relatively high rates of anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, psychological distress, and stress were reported in the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic in eight countries. • Common risk factors associated with mental distress during the COVID-19 pandemic include female gender, younger age group (≤40 years), presence of chronic/psychiatric illnesses, unemployment, student status, and frequent exposure to social media/news concerning COVID-19. • Mitigation of COVID-19 induced psychological distress requires government intervention and individual efforts.
              Article 0 comments Cited 2308 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Rasha Abdelrahman
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Heliyon
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Heliyon
                Title: Heliyon
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Electronic): 2405-8440
                Publication date PMC-release: 13 May 2022
                Publication date Collection: May 2022
                Publication date (Electronic): 13 May 2022
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 5
                Electronic Location Identifier: e09422
                Affiliations
                [a ]College of Humanities and Sciences, Ajman University, United Arab Emirates
                [b ]Nonlinear Dynamic Research Center, Ajman University, United Arab Emirates
                [c ]National Center for Examinations and Educational Evaluation (NCEEE), Egypt
                [d ]Faculty of Education, Zagazig University, Egypt
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author. r.abdelrahman@ 123456ajman.ac.ae
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S2405-8440(22)00710-1 Publisher ID: e09422
                DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09422
                PMC ID: 9133578
                PubMed ID: 35647360
                SO-VID: f40e5937-a83b-42e7-9850-e37db2f12725
                Copyright © © 2022 The Authors
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 4 November 2021
                Date revision received : 12 January 2022
                Date accepted : 10 May 2022
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                Keywords: depression,covid-19,anxiety,psychological effects,lockdown,uae,pandemic,social phobia,stress
                Data availability:
                Keywords: depression, covid-19, anxiety, psychological effects, lockdown, uae, pandemic, social phobia, stress

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