Total energy expenditure in adults aged 65 years and over measured using doubly-labelled water: international data availability and opportunities for data sharing

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Abstract

Background

Increasing population lifespan necessitates a greater understanding of nutritional needs in older adults (65 year and over). A synthesis of total energy expenditure in the older population has not been undertaken and is needed to inform nutritional requirements. We aimed to establish the extent of the international evidence for total energy expenditure (TEE) using doubly-labelled water (DLW) in older adults (65 years and over), report challenges in obtaining primary data, and make recommendations for future data sharing.

Methods

Four databases were searched to identify eligible studies; original research of any study design where participant level TEE was measured using DLW in participants aged ≥65 years. Once studies were identified for inclusion, authors were contacted where data were not publicly available.

Results

Screening was undertaken of 1223 records; the review of 317 full text papers excluded 170 records. Corresponding or first authors of 147 eligible studies were contacted electronically. Participant level data were publicly available or provided by authors for 45 publications (890 participants aged ≥65 years, with 248 aged ≥80 years). Sixty-seven percent of the DLW data in this population were unavailable due to authors unable to be contacted or declining to participate, or data being irretrievable.

Conclusions

The lack of data access limits the value of the original research and its contribution to nutrition science. Openly accessible DLW data available through publications or a new international data repository would facilitate greater integration of current research with previous findings and ensure evidence is available to support the needs of the ageing population.

Trial registration

The protocol was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO), registration number CRD42016047549.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s12937-018-0348-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Most cited references 49

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The worldwide Protein Data Bank (wwPDB): ensuring a single, uniform archive of PDB data

Helen Berman, Kim Henrick, Haruki Nakamura … (2006)

The worldwide Protein Data Bank (wwPDB) is the international collaboration that manages the deposition, processing and distribution of the PDB archive. The online PDB archive is a repository for the coordinates and related information for more than 38 000 structures, including proteins, nucleic acids and large macromolecular complexes that have been determined using X-ray crystallography, NMR and electron microscopy techniques. The founding members of the wwPDB are RCSB PDB (USA), MSD-EBI (Europe) and PDBj (Japan) [H.M. Berman, K. Henrick and H. Nakamura (2003) Nature Struct. Biol., 10, 980]. The BMRB group (USA) joined the wwPDB in 2006. The mission of the wwPDB is to maintain a single archive of macromolecular structural data that are freely and publicly available to the global community. Additionally, the wwPDB provides a variety of services to a broad community of users. The wwPDB website at provides information about services provided by the individual member organizations and about projects undertaken by the wwPDB.

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Human energy expenditure in affluent societies: an analysis of 574 doubly-labelled water measurements.

Joel A Black, Deborah A. Prentice, W A Coward … (1996)

To describe average levels of free-living energy expenditure in people from affluent societies and to determine the influence of body weight, height, age and sex. Analysis of 574 measurements of total energy expenditure (TEE, assessed by the doubly-labelled water method); basal metabolic rate (BMR, directly measured or derived from similar directly measured proxy measures such as during sleep); activity energy expenditure (AEE, derived as TEE-BMR); and physical activity level (PAL, derived as TEE/BMR) from people aged 2-95 years. The dataset was extracted from 1614 published and unpublished measurements in 1156 subjects after exclusion of repeat estimates and subjects in special physiological or behavioural states (eg pregnancy, athletic or military training etc). A separate analysis of data from non-ambulant subjects, and from elite endurance athletes (all excluded from the main dataset) established the limits of human daily energy expenditure at around 1.2 x BMR and 4.5 x BMR. In the main analysis, the validity of PAL as an index of TEE adjusted for BMR was tested and confirmed. Regression equations were then derived to describe TEE, BMR, AEE and PAL in terms of body weight, height, age and sex. As anticipated, TEE, BMR and AEE were all positively related to weight and height, while age was a negative predictor, especially of activity. The influence of weight disappeared when TEE was expressed as PAL, but height and age remained as highly significant predictors. For all three components, females expended 11% less energy on average than males after adjustment for weight, height and age. Average levels of energy expenditure in different age and sex groups are tabulated. There now exists a large and robust database of energy expenditure measurements obtained by the doubly-labelled water method. Analysis of the data from affluent societies shows that, in general, levels of energy expenditure are similar to the recommendations for energy requirements adopted by FAO/WHO/UNU (1985) and UK Department of Health (1991). PAL values for active subjects tend to be higher than is currently assumed. The current analysis provides a substantial body of normal data against which other estimates can be compared.

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Comparative validity of physical activity measures in older adults.

LISA H. COLBERT, THOMAS C. HAVIGHURST, KYUNGMANN KIM … (2011)

To compare the validity of various physical activity measures with doubly labeled water (DLW)-measured physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) in free-living older adults. Fifty-six adults aged ≥65 yr wore three activity monitors (New Lifestyles pedometer, ActiGraph accelerometer, and a SenseWear (SW) armband) during a 10-d free-living period and completed three different surveys (Yale Physical Activity Survey (YPAS), Community Health Activities Model Program for Seniors (CHAMPS), and a modified Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (modPASE)). Total energy expenditure was measured using DLW, resting metabolic rate was measured with indirect calorimetry, the thermic effect of food was estimated, and from these, estimates of PAEE were calculated. The degree of linear association between the various measures and PAEE was assessed, as were differences in group PAEE, when estimable by a given measure. All three monitors were significantly correlated with PAEE (r=0.48-0.60, P<0.001). Of the questionnaires, only CHAMPS was significantly correlated with PAEE (r=0.28, P=0.04). Statistical comparison of the correlations suggested that the monitors were superior to YPAS and modPASE. Mean squared errors for all correlations were high, and the median PAEE from the different tools was significantly different from DLW for all but the YPAS and regression-estimated PAEE from the ActiGraph. Objective devices more appropriately rank PAEE than self-reported instruments in older adults, but absolute estimates of PAEE are not accurate. Given the cost differential and ease of use, pedometers seem most useful in this population when ranking by physical activity level is adequate. © 2011 by the American College of Sports Medicine

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Author and article information

Contributors

Judi Porter:

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7535-1919

+ 61 39902 4270 , judi.porter@monash.edu

Kay Nguo: kay.nguo@monash.edu

Simone Gibson: simone.gibson@monash.edu

Catherine E. Huggins: kate.huggins@monash.edu

Jorja Collins: jorja.collins@monash.edu

Nicole J. Kellow: nicole.kellow@monash.edu

Helen Truby: helen.truby@monash.edu

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Nutr J

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Nutr J

Title: Nutrition Journal

Publisher: BioMed Central (London )

ISSN (Electronic): 1475-2891

Publication date (Electronic): 26 March 2018

Publication date PMC-release: 26 March 2018

Publication date Collection: 2018

Volume: 17

Electronic Location Identifier: 40

Affiliations

[1 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7857, GRID grid.1002.3, Department of Nutrition, Dietetics & Food, , Monash University, ; Level 1, 264 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, VIC 3168 Australia

[2 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0379 3501, GRID grid.414366.2, Allied Health Clinical Research Office, Eastern Health, ; 5 Arnold Street, 3128 Box Hill, VIC Australia

Author information

Judi Porter http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7535-1919

Article

Publisher ID: 348

DOI: 10.1186/s12937-018-0348-8

PMC ID: 5870239

PubMed ID: 29580255

SO-VID: f3c5c7ea-0e3b-4a11-a7f4-cbc1c45f89fd

License:

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

History

Date received : 16 October 2017

Date accepted : 19 March 2018

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Nutrition & Dietetics

Keywords: total energy expenditure,energy requirement,doubly-labelled water,older adults,data repository

Data availability:

ScienceOpen disciplines: Nutrition & Dietetics

Keywords: total energy expenditure, energy requirement, doubly-labelled water, older adults, data repository

Total energy expenditure in adults aged 65 years and over measured using doubly-labelled water: international data availability and opportunities for data sharing

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Karger: Nutrition and Dietetics

Most cited references 49

The worldwide Protein Data Bank (wwPDB): ensuring a single, uniform archive of PDB data

Human energy expenditure in affluent societies: an analysis of 574 doubly-labelled water measurements.

Comparative validity of physical activity measures in older adults.

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