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      “Why Couldn't I Go in To See Him?” Bereaved Families' Perceptions of End‐of‐Life Communication During COVID ‐19

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          Abstract

          <p class="first" id="d15584261e148">The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in rapid changes to end-of-life care for hospitalized older adults and their families, including visitation restrictions. We examined bereaved families' perceptions of the quality of end-of-life communication among Veterans, families and staff in Veterans Affairs (VA) medical centers during the COVID-19 pandemic. </p>

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          Most cited references26

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          Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72 314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention

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            Three approaches to qualitative content analysis.

            Content analysis is a widely used qualitative research technique. Rather than being a single method, current applications of content analysis show three distinct approaches: conventional, directed, or summative. All three approaches are used to interpret meaning from the content of text data and, hence, adhere to the naturalistic paradigm. The major differences among the approaches are coding schemes, origins of codes, and threats to trustworthiness. In conventional content analysis, coding categories are derived directly from the text data. With a directed approach, analysis starts with a theory or relevant research findings as guidance for initial codes. A summative content analysis involves counting and comparisons, usually of keywords or content, followed by the interpretation of the underlying context. The authors delineate analytic procedures specific to each approach and techniques addressing trustworthiness with hypothetical examples drawn from the area of end-of-life care.
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              The qualitative content analysis process.

              This paper is a description of inductive and deductive content analysis. Content analysis is a method that may be used with either qualitative or quantitative data and in an inductive or deductive way. Qualitative content analysis is commonly used in nursing studies but little has been published on the analysis process and many research books generally only provide a short description of this method. When using content analysis, the aim was to build a model to describe the phenomenon in a conceptual form. Both inductive and deductive analysis processes are represented as three main phases: preparation, organizing and reporting. The preparation phase is similar in both approaches. The concepts are derived from the data in inductive content analysis. Deductive content analysis is used when the structure of analysis is operationalized on the basis of previous knowledge. Inductive content analysis is used in cases where there are no previous studies dealing with the phenomenon or when it is fragmented. A deductive approach is useful if the general aim was to test a previous theory in a different situation or to compare categories at different time periods.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
                J Am Geriatr Soc
                Wiley
                0002-8614
                1532-5415
                January 06 2021
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Yale University School of Nursing Orange Connecticut USA
                [2 ]VA Connecticut Healthcare System West Haven Connecticut USA
                [3 ]Veteran Experience Center Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
                [4 ]Penn State College of Medicine Hershey Pennsylvania USA
                [5 ]Palliative and Hospice Care Program, US Department of Veterans Affairs Washington District of Columbia USA
                [6 ]University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
                Article
                10.1111/jgs.16993
                33320956
                f36f844b-5d1a-453e-a791-108c7ce26e24
                © 2021

                http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor

                http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1

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