Phytotherapy of chlorophyllin exposed  Lymnaea acuminata : A new biotechnological tool for fasciolosis control

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Abstract

Phytotherapy of chlorophyllin formulations against Fasciola gigantica infected Lymnaea acuminata under sunlight exposure was highly toxic against redia and cercaria larvae. Binary combinations (1:1 ratio) of chlorophyllin (CHL) + freeze dried cow urine (FCU) were more toxic against cercariae (8 h LC ₅₀: 9.6 mg L ^− 1) than single treatment with chlorophyllin (8 h LC ₅₀: 12.6 mg L ^− 1) in sunlight. The larvicidal activity of sunlight exposed CHL against rediae (8 h LC ₅₀: 13.5 mg L ^− 1) and cercariae (8 h LC ₅₀: 12.6 mg L ^− 1) was more pronounced than laboratory conditions CHL treatment (rediae- 8 h LC ₅₀: 305.9 mg L ^− 1; cercariae- 8 h LC ₅₀: 765.4 mg L ^− 1). Larvicidal activity of FCU was less than CHL and CHL + FCU against both redia and cercaria. Chlorophyllin and its formulations were more toxic against redia and cercaria larvae in sunlight than laboratory conditions. CHL and its different formulations may be used as potent larvicides against Fasciola gigantica larvae. Chlorophyllin formulations will be economical, ecologically sounder and their use in aquatic environment will be safe.

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Involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the induction of genetic instability by radiation.

Keiji Suzuki, Seiji Kodama, Naoki Matsuda … (2004)

Radiation generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) that interact with cellular molecules, including DNA, lipids, and proteins. To know how ROS contribute to the induction of genetic instability, we examined the effect of the anti-ROS condition, using both ascorbic acid phosphate (APM) treatment or a low oxygen condition, on the induction of delayed reproductive cell death and delayed chromosome aberrations. The primary surviving colonies of mouse m5S-derived cl. 2011-14 cells irradiated with 6 Gy of X-rays were replated and allowed to form secondary colonies. The anti-ROS treatments were applied to either preirradiation culture or postirradiation cultures for primary or secondary colony formation. Both anti-ROS conditions relieved X-ray-induced acute cell killing to a similar extent. These anti-ROS conditions also relieved genetic instability when those conditions were applied during primary colony formation. However, no effect was observed when the conditions were applied during preirradiation culture and secondary colony formation. We also demonstrated that the amounts of ROS in X-ray-irradiated cells rapidly increase and then decrease at 6 hr postirradiation, and the levels of ROS then gradually decrease to a baseline within 2 weeks. The APM treatment kept the ROS production at a lower level than an untreated control. These results suggest that the cause of genetic instability might be fixed by ROS during a 2-week postirradiation period.

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Improving animal and human health through understanding liver fluke immunology.

D Piedrafita, T W Spithill, R E Smith … (2010)

Sheep, goats and cattle represent the most numerous and economically important agricultural species worldwide used as sources for milk, fibre and red meat. In addition, in the developing world, these species often represent the sole asset base for small-holder livestock farmers and cattle/buffaloes often provide the majority of draught power for crop production. Production losses caused by helminth diseases of these animals are a major factor in extending the cycle of poverty in developing countries and a major food security issue for developed economies. Fasciola spp. are one of the most important zoonotic diseases with a global economic impact in livestock production systems and a poorly defined but direct effect on human health. Improvements in human and animal health will require a concerted research effort into the development of new accurate and simple diagnostic tests and increased vaccine and drug development against Fasciola infections. Here, the use of definitive natural host breeds with contrasting resistance to Fasciola infections is discussed as a resource to contrast parasite-host interactions and identify parasite immune evasion strategies. Such studies are likely to boost the discovery of new vaccine, drug and diagnostic candidates and provide the foundation for future genetic selection of resistant animals.

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Co-occurrences of parasite clones and altered host phenotype in a snail-trematode system.

Clément Lagrue, James McEwan, Jill Keeney … (2007)

The frequent co-occurrence of two or more genotypes of the same parasite species in the same individual hosts has often been predicted to select for higher levels of virulence. Thus, if parasites can adjust their level of host exploitation in response to competition for resources, mixed-clone infections should have more profound impacts on the host. Trematode parasites are known to induce a wide range of modifications in the morphology (size, shell shape or ornamentation) of their snail intermediate host. Still, whether mixed-clone trematode infections have additive effects on the phenotypic alterations of the host remains to be tested. Here, we used the snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum-infected by the trematode Coitocaecum parvum to test for both the general effect of the parasite on host phenotype and possible increased host exploitation in multi-clone infections. Significant differences in size, shell shape and spinosity were found between infected and uninfected snails, and we determined that one quarter of naturally infected snails supported mixed-clone infections of C. parvum. From the parasite perspective, this meant that almost half of the clones identified in this study shared their snail host with at least one other clone. Intra-host competition may be intense, with each clone in a mixed-clone infection experiencing major reductions in volume and number of sporocysts (and consequently multiplication rate and cercarial production) compared with single-clone infections. However, there was no significant difference in the intensity of host phenotype modifications between single and multiple-clone infections. These results demonstrate that competition between parasite genotypes may be strong, and suggest that the frequency of mixed-clone infections in this system may have selected for an increased level of host exploitation in the parasite population, such that a single-clone is associated with a high degree of host phenotypic alteration.

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Author and article information

Contributors

D.K. Singh

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Parasite Epidemiol Control

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Parasite Epidemiol Control

Title: Parasite Epidemiology and Control

Publisher: Elsevier

ISSN (Electronic): 2405-6731

Publication date PMC-release: 21 March 2016

Publication date Collection: June 2016

Publication date (Electronic): 21 March 2016

Volume: 1

Issue: 2

Pages: 20-25

Affiliations

Malacology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, D.D.U. Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, Pin: 273 009, India

Author notes

[* ]Corresponding author. dksingh_gpu@ 123456yahoo.co.in

Article

Publisher ID: S2405-6731(15)30058-1

DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2016.03.005

PMC ID: 5991855

SO-VID: f29544c1-6dde-4f24-96bc-26649e9a03e3

License:

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

History

Date received : 16 November 2015

Date revision received : 17 March 2016

Date accepted : 17 March 2016

Phytotherapy of chlorophyllin exposed Lymnaea acuminata: A new biotechnological tool for fasciolosis control

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Abstract

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Most cited references 26

Involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the induction of genetic instability by radiation.

Improving animal and human health through understanding liver fluke immunology.

Co-occurrences of parasite clones and altered host phenotype in a snail-trematode system.

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