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      Is transcription in sperm stationary or dynamic?

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          Abstract

          Transcriptional activity is repressed due to the packaging of sperm chromatins during spermiogenesis. The detection of numerous transcripts in sperm, however, raises the question whether transcriptional events exist in sperm, which has been the central focus of the recent studies. To summarize the transcriptional activity during spermiogenesis and in sperm, we reviewed the documents on transcript differences during spermiogenesis, in sperm with differential motility, before and after capacitation and cryopreservation. This will lay a theoretical foundation for studying the mechanism(s) of gene expression in sperm, and would be invaluable in making better use of animal sires and developing reproductive control technologies.

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          A novel class of small RNAs in mouse spermatogenic cells.

          Shane T Grivna, Ergin Beyret, Zhong Wang … (2006)
          Small noncoding RNAs, including small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and micro RNAs (miRNAs) of approximately 21 nucleotides (nt) in length, have emerged as potent regulators of gene expression at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels in diverse organisms. Here we report the identification of a novel class of small RNAs in the mouse male germline termed piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs). piRNAs are approximately 30 nt in length. They are expressed during spermatogenesis, mostly in spermatids. piRNAs are associated with MIWI, a spermatogenesis-specific PIWI subfamily member of the Argonaute protein family, and depend on MIWI for their biogenesis and/or stability. Furthermore, a subpopulation of piRNAs are associated with polysomes, suggesting their potential role in translational regulation.
          Article 0 comments Cited 275 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Fertilizing capacity of spermatozoa deposited into the fallopian tubes.

            Chawnshang Chang (1951)
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              Chromatin dynamics during spermiogenesis.

              Stephan Awe, Willy M Baarends, Renate Renkawitz-Pohl … (2014)
              The function of sperm is to safely transport the haploid paternal genome to the egg containing the maternal genome. The subsequent fertilization leads to transmission of a new unique diploid genome to the next generation. Before the sperm can set out on its adventurous journey, remarkable arrangements need to be made during the post-meiotic stages of spermatogenesis. Haploid spermatids undergo extensive morphological changes, including a striking reorganization and compaction of their chromatin. Thereby, the nucleosomal, histone-based structure is nearly completely substituted by a protamine-based structure. This replacement is likely facilitated by incorporation of histone variants, post-translational histone modifications, chromatin-remodeling complexes, as well as transient DNA strand breaks. The consequences of mutations have revealed that a protamine-based chromatin is essential for fertility in mice but not in Drosophila. Nevertheless, loss of protamines in Drosophila increases the sensitivity to X-rays and thus supports the hypothesis that protamines are necessary to protect the paternal genome. Pharmaceutical approaches have provided the first mechanistic insights and have shown that hyperacetylation of histones just before their displacement is vital for progress in chromatin reorganization but is clearly not the sole inducer. In this review, we highlight the current knowledge on post-meiotic chromatin reorganization and reveal for the first time intriguing parallels in this process in Drosophila and mammals. We conclude with a model that illustrates the possible mechanisms that lead from a histone-based chromatin to a mainly protamine-based structure during spermatid differentiation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Chromatin and epigenetic regulation of animal development. © 2013. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Reprod Dev
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J. Reprod. Dev
                Journal ID (publisher-id): JRD
                Title: The Journal of Reproduction and Development
                Publisher: The Society for Reproduction and Development
                ISSN (Print): 0916-8818
                ISSN (Electronic): 1348-4400
                Publication date (Electronic): 28 August 2017
                Publication date (Print): October 2017
                Volume: 63
                Issue: 5
                Pages: 439-443
                Affiliations
                [1) ]The Key Laboratory for Farm Animal Genetic Resources and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture of China, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
                [2) ]Beijing Agricultural Vocation College, Beijing 102442, China
                Author notes
                Correspondence: D Wang (e-mail: dwangcn2002@ 123456vip.sina.com.cn )
                Article
                Publisher ID: 2016-093
                DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2016-093
                PMC ID: 5649092
                PubMed ID: 28845020
                SO-VID: f25ab9ce-34bc-4acf-9ce6-c8d4b55ffafd
                Copyright © ©2017 Society for Reproduction and Development
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives (by-nc-nd) License. (CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

                History
                Date received : 27 June 2016
                Date accepted : 24 July 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Opinions and Hypotheses

                Keywords: cryopreservation,spermatozoa,spermiogenesis,transcriptional activity
                Data availability:
                Keywords: cryopreservation, spermatozoa, spermiogenesis, transcriptional activity

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