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      Bottom-up innovative responses to COVID-19 in Latin America and the Caribbean: addressing deprioritized populations Translated title: Respuestas innovadoras a la COVID-19 generadas desde la base en América Latina y el Caribe: abordaje de grupos poblacionales desatendidos Translated title: Respostas inovadoras de baixo para cima à COVID-19 na América Latina e no Caribe com foco em populações não priorizadas

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          ABSTRACT

          Objective.

          To identify and describe innovative initiatives implemented as a response to the interruption of health services during the COVID-19 pandemic in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC).

          Methods.

          This was a descriptive study that reviewed 34 initiatives implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic in LAC to address health services needs among deprioritized groups. The review of initiatives included four phases: a call for submissions of innovative initiatives from LAC countries; a selection of initiatives that had the ability to address health services gaps and that were innovative and effective; systematization and cataloging of the selected initiatives; and a content analysis of the information collected. Data were analyzed from September to October 2021.

          Results.

          The 34 initiatives show important variations regarding the target populations, the stakeholders involved, level of implementation, strategies, scope, and relevance of the innovative initiative. There was also evidence of the emergence of a bottom-up set of actions in the absence of top-down actions.

          Conclusion.

          The findings of this descriptive review of 34 initiatives implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic in LAC suggest that systematizing the strategies and lessons learned has the potential to expand learning for re-establishing and improving post-pandemic health services.

          RESUMEN

          Objetivo.

          Detectar y describir iniciativas innovadoras instrumentadas como respuesta a la interrupción de los servicios de salud durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en América Latina y el Caribe (ALC).

          Métodos.

          Se trata de un estudio descriptivo en el que se examinaron 34 iniciativas instrumentadas durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en ALC para hacer frente a las necesidades de servicios de salud en grupos poblacionales desatendidos. La revisión constó de cuatro fases: convocatoria para la presentación de iniciativas innovadoras por parte de los países de la Región; selección de iniciativas capaces de abordar las deficiencias en los servicios de salud y que fueran innovadoras y eficaces; sistematización y clasificación de las iniciativas seleccionadas; y análisis del contenido de la información recopilada. Los datos se analizaron entre septiembre y octubre del 2021.

          Resultados.

          Las 34 iniciativas presentan importantes diferencias en cuanto a los grupos poblacionales destinatarios, las partes interesadas implicadas, el grado de aplicación, las estrategias, el alcance y la pertinencia de la iniciativa innovadora. También se constató el surgimiento de un conjunto de acciones generadas desde la base como respuesta a la ausencia de medidas aplicadas de forma descendente.

          Conclusión.

          Los resultados de esta revisión descriptiva de 34 iniciativas aplicadas en ALC durante la pandemia de COVID-19 sugieren que la sistematización de las estrategias y las enseñanzas extraídas podría ser útil para ampliar el aprendizaje con vistas al restablecimiento y la mejora de los servicios de salud pospandémicos.

          RESUMO

          Objetivo.

          Identificar e descrever iniciativas inovadoras implementadas em resposta à interrupção dos serviços de saúde durante a pandemia de COVID-19 na América Latina e no Caribe (ALC).

          Métodos.

          Este estudo descritivo analisou 34 iniciativas implementadas durante a pandemia de COVID-19 na ALC para atender às necessidades de serviços de saúde entre grupos que haviam perdido prioridade. A análise das iniciativas incluiu quatro fases: chamada pública para a apresentação de iniciativas inovadoras de países da ALC; seleção de iniciativas inovadoras e efetivas capazes de abordar lacunas nos serviços de saúde; sistematização e catalogação das iniciativas selecionadas; e análise de conteúdo das informações coletadas. Os dados foram analisados de setembro a outubro de 2021.

          Resultados.

          As 34 iniciativas apresentam variações importantes com relação às populações-alvo, partes interessadas envolvidas, nível de implementação, estratégias, escopo e relevância da iniciativa inovadora. Também houve evidências do surgimento de um conjunto de ações de baixo para cima ( bottom-up) na ausência de ações de cima para baixo ( top-down).

          Conclusão.

          Os resultados desta análise descritiva de 34 iniciativas implementadas durante a pandemia de COVID-19 nos países da ALC sugerem que a sistematização das estratégias e das lições aprendidas tem o potencial de ampliar as oportunidades de aprendizado para reestabelecer e aprimorar os serviços de saúde pós-pandemia.

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          Most cited references24

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          WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) dashboard

          (2024)
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            Innovation in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic Crisis

            The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted all aspects of academic medical center missions. The number and rapidity of innovative responses to the crisis are extraordinary. When the pandemic has subsided, the world of academic medicine will have changed. The author of this Invited Commentary anticipates that at least some of these innovations will become part of academic medicine’s everyday clinical and educational operations. Here, he considers the implications of exemplary innovations—virtual care, hospital at home, advances in diagnosis and therapy, virtual learning, and virtual clinical learning—for regulators, academic medical centers, faculty, and students.
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              A framework for scaling up health interventions: lessons from large-scale improvement initiatives in Africa

              Background Scaling up complex health interventions to large populations is not a straightforward task. Without intentional, guided efforts to scale up, it can take many years for a new evidence-based intervention to be broadly implemented. For the past decade, researchers and implementers have developed models of scale-up that move beyond earlier paradigms that assumed ideas and practices would successfully spread through a combination of publication, policy, training, and example. Drawing from the previously reported frameworks for scaling up health interventions and our experience in the USA and abroad, we describe a framework for taking health interventions to full scale, and we use two large-scale improvement initiatives in Africa to illustrate the framework in action. We first identified other scale-up approaches for comparison and analysis of common constructs by searching for systematic reviews of scale-up in health care, reviewing those bibliographies, speaking with experts, and reviewing common research databases (PubMed, Google Scholar) for papers in English from peer-reviewed and “gray” sources that discussed models, frameworks, or theories for scale-up from 2000 to 2014. We then analyzed the results of this external review in the context of the models and frameworks developed over the past 20 years by Associates in Process Improvement (API) and the Institute for Healthcare improvement (IHI). Finally, we reflected on two national-scale improvement initiatives that IHI had undertaken in Ghana and South Africa that were testing grounds for early iterations of the framework presented in this paper. Results The framework describes three core components: a sequence of activities that are required to get a program of work to full scale, the mechanisms that are required to facilitate the adoption of interventions, and the underlying factors and support systems required for successful scale-up. The four steps in the sequence include (1) Set-up, which prepares the ground for introduction and testing of the intervention that will be taken to full scale; (2) Develop the Scalable Unit, which is an early testing phase; (3) Test of Scale-up, which then tests the intervention in a variety of settings that are likely to represent different contexts that will be encountered at full scale; and (4) Go to Full Scale, which unfolds rapidly to enable a larger number of sites or divisions to adopt and/or replicate the intervention. Conclusions Our framework echoes, amplifies, and systematizes the three dominant themes that occur to varying extents in a number of existing scale-up frameworks. We call out the crucial importance of defining a scalable unit of organization. If a scalable unit can be defined, and successful results achieved by implementing an intervention in this unit without major addition of resources, it is more likely that the intervention can be fully and rapidly scaled. When tying this framework to quality improvement (QI) methods, we describe a range of methodological options that can be applied to each of the four steps in the framework’s sequence.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Rev Panam Salud Publica
                Rev Panam Salud Publica
                rpsp
                Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública
                Organización Panamericana de la Salud
                1020-4989
                1680-5348
                12 June 2023
                2023
                : 47
                : e92
                Affiliations
                [1 ] orgnamePrograma Centro Salud Pública orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias Médicas orgdiv2Universidad de Santiago Santiago Chile originalPrograma Centro Salud Pública, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago, Santiago, Chile.
                [2 ] orgnameIndependent consultant Santiago Chile originalIndependent consultant, Santiago, Chile
                Author notes
                Pablo Villalobos Dintrans, pvillalobos.d@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                RPSP.2023.92
                10.26633/RPSP.2023.92
                10261555
                37324197
                f2250e6b-fa0e-4580-a160-b000b549248a

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. No modifications or commercial use of this article are permitted. In any reproduction of this article there should not be any suggestion that PAHO or this article endorse any specific organization or products. The use of the PAHO logo is not permitted. This notice should be preserved along with the article’s original URL. Open access logo and text by PLoS, under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license.

                History
                : 29 August 2022
                : 02 February 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 2, Equations: 0, References: 20
                Funding
                Award ID:  
                The funders had no role in the study design, data collection or analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Original Research

                community health services,community health planning,vulnerable populations,latin america,caribbean region,servicios de salud comunitaria,planificación en salud comunitaria,poblaciones vulnerables,américa latina,región del caribe,serviços de saúde comunitária, planejamento em saúde comunitária,populações vulneráveis,região do caribe

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