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      Non-squamous cell carcinoma diseases of the larynx: clinical and imaging findings ☆☆ Translated title: Carcinoma de células não escamosas da laringe: achados clínicos e de imagem

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          Abstract

          Introduction

          Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common laryngeal neoplasm and accounts for approximately 95% of all malignant neoplams of the larynx. However, various benign and malignant tumors and inflammatory diseases may affect the larynx.

          Objective

          The purpose of this study is to analyze the clinical and imaging findings of non-squamous cell neoplasms and inflammatory diseases of the larynx.

          Methods

          This retrospective study was conducted in 18 patients who were diagnosed with non-squamous cell carcinoma lesions of larynx at our institution between 2007-2017. Clinical symptoms, examination findings, imaging characteristics, histopathologic diagnosis and treatment modalities were analyzed.

          Results

          There were 9 malignant lesions (2 chondrosarcoma, 1 neuroendocrine tumor-atipical carcinoid, 1 Natural Killer/T-cell lymphoma, 1 diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, 3 plasmocytoma-multiple myeloma involvement, 1 adenocarcinoma metastasis), 3 benign neoplasms (chondroma, paraganglioma, lipoma), 2 tumor-like lesions (Brown tumor and inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor), 3 inflammatory lesions (Wegener granulomatosis, Behçet's disease and tuberculosis involvements), and 1 vascular malformation. The most common presenting symptom was hoarseness (66.6%). Paraganglioma was seen as hypervascular lesion on computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging and showed intense tracer uptake on 68Gallium-DOTA-peptide PET/CT. Chondroid matrix calcifications were detected in chondroma and chondrosarcoma-grade 1. In patients with vascular malformation and lipoma, the typical imaging findings made it possible to diagnose.

          Conclusion

          Imaging studies may provide clues for diagnosis of non-squamous cell laryngeal lesions. Clinical and imaging findings and previous clinical history should be evaluated together in clinical management of laryngeal lesions.

          Resumo

          Introdução

          O carcinoma de células escamosas é a neoplasia laríngea mais comum, representa aproximadamente 95% de todas as neoplasias malignas da laringe. No entanto, vários outros tumores benignos e malignos, e doenças inflamatórias, podem afetar a laringe.

          Objetivo

          O objetivo deste estudo é analisar os achados clínicos e de imagem de neoplasias de células não-escamosas e de doenças inflamatórias da laringe.

          Método

          Este estudo retrospectivo foi feito com 18 pacientes diagnosticados com lesões de carcinoma de células não escamosas da laringe em nossa instituição, entre 2007–2017. Foram analisados os sintomas clínicos, achados dos exames, características de imagens, diagnóstico histopatológico e modalidades de tratamento.

          Resultados

          Foram identificados 9 casos com lesão maligna (2 condrossarcomas, 1 tumor carcinoide neuroendócrino atípico, 1 linfoma de células T/NK, 1 linfoma difuso de grandes células B, 3 plasmocitomas com envolvimento de mieloma múltiplo, 1 metástase de adenocarcinoma, 3 neoplasias benignas (condroma, paraganglioma, lipoma), 2 lesões “tumor like” (tumor de Brown e tumor miofibroblástico inflamatório), 3 lesões inflamatórias (granulomatose de Wegener, doença de Behçet e tuberculose) e 1 malformação vascular. O sintoma mais comum foi a rouquidão (66,6%). O paraganglioma foi visto como lesão hipervascular na tomografia computadorizada e na ressonância magnética, e mostrou intensa captação do traçador na PET/TC com 68Gálio-DOTA. Calcificações de matriz condroide foram detectadas no condroma e condrossarcoma grau 1. Em pacientes com malformação vascular e lipoma, os achados típicos de imagem tornaram possível o diagnóstico.

          Conclusão

          Estudos de imagem podem fornecer pistas para o diagnóstico de lesões laríngeas de células não escamosas. Achados clínicos e de imagem e histórico clínico prévio devem ser avaliados em conjunto no manejo clínico das lesões laríngeas.

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          Most cited references38

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          Chondrosarcoma of the larynx: a clinicopathologic study of 111 cases with a review of the literature.

          Chondrosarcomas of the larynx are rare tumors accounting for about 0.5% of all laryngeal primary tumors. A total of 111 laryngeal chondrosarcoma cases, diagnosed between 1970 and 1997, were retrieved from the Otorhinolaryngic-Head & Neck Tumor Registry of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. There was a 3.6:1 male/female ratio of patients 25-91 years of age (mean, 64.4 years). Patients presented most frequently with hoarseness (n = 72 patients) present for a mean of 28.2 months. The majority of tumors involved the cricoid cartilage (n = 77) with a mean size of 3.5 cm. All tumors were invasive and malignant by radiology and/or histology (into bone within the ossified laryngeal cartilages in 52 tumors). Most tumors were low-grade lesions: grade 1 (n = 51), grade 2 (n = 54); there were six grade 3 tumors. An associated benign chondroma with (n = 41 tumors) or without ischemia (n = 24 tumors) was noted. All patients had surgery and five had radiation therapy. Wide excision or voice-sparing surgery was used in 73 patients, whereas 37 patients had a laryngectomy. Recurrences occurred in 20 (18%) patients, 10 of whom underwent salvage laryngectomy. At the last follow-up, 102 patients had no evidence of disease (alive or dead, mean 11.2 years) and five patients had evidence of disease (alive, one patient, 6.5 years; dead, four patients, mean 6.4 years). The six patients with high-grade chondrosarcoma were all without disease at the last follow-up (mean, 15.1 years). There was no difference in clinical outcome based on grade (p = 0.210), location (p = 0.078), or treatment (p = 0.607) but was worse for patients with a myxoid-type chondrosarcoma (p = 0.044). Primary laryngeal chondrosarcomas are typically low- to moderate-grade lesions involving the cricoid cartilage, frequently associated with a chondroma. They usually portend an excellent overall long-term prognosis with initial conservative voice-sparing surgery.
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            Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders.

            Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder is the most common malignancy, with the exception of skin cancer, after solid organ transplantation in adults. The incidence varies according to the transplanted organ and is often associated with Epstein-Barr virus. Prognosis is variable, due in part to the heterogeneity of the disease, which ranges from reactive plasmacytic hyperplasia to aggressive monoclonal disease.
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              Head and neck inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT): evaluation of clinicopathologic and prognostic features.

              Owing to rarity and awareness deficiency towards inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT), we sought to review on its clinicopathological features; arising awareness to achieve early diagnosis; exploring prognostic factors and then establishing a treatment protocol. Retrospective study was performed on patients with histological proven IMT between January 2003 and December 2010. Their demographic data, clinical and histological presentations were recorded. Overall survival (OS) and progression-free-survival (PFS) were estimated via Kaplan-Meier method. Cox regression model was applied to determine the significant of prognostic factors. Logistic regression model was established to predict the probability of relapse. A total of 28 patients. Five-year PFS was 65%. Surgical margins primarily and independently determined the survival, followed by size, pseudocapsule of the lesion, intra-lesional necrosis and lastly Ki-67 and ALK overexpression. Logistic model in prediction of relapse was established, with the formula as probability of relapse = 1/(1 + e(-z)) where e = exponential function, z = constant value (3.9) + B*margin + B*size + B*immunohistochemical expression + B*pseudocapsule + B*intra-lesional necrosis. Immunohistochemical overexpression was significant if Ki-67 was strongly expressed with a conditioned ALK overexpression simultaneously. Staining intensity must be at least moderate for those ALK nuclear staining was less than 25%. Weak ALK staining intensity is only significant if nuclear staining was more than 25%. Diagnosis of IMT is achieved via exclusion. Radical resection and obtaining negative margins remains the mainstay of treatment. Both high and moderate-risk groups required post-operative radiotherapy. In low-risk group, post-operative radiotherapy was recommended if the lesion is larger than 5 cm in diameter with a conditioned ALK & Ki-67 overexpression. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Braz J Otorhinolaryngol
                Braz J Otorhinolaryngol
                Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology
                Elsevier
                1808-8694
                1808-8686
                16 March 2019
                Jul-Aug 2020
                16 March 2019
                : 86
                : 4
                : 468-482
                Affiliations
                [a ]Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Department of Radiology, Kayseri, Turkey
                [b ]Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kayseri, Turkey
                [c ]Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. drserapdogan@ 123456hotmail.com
                Article
                S1808-8694(18)30222-2
                10.1016/j.bjorl.2019.02.003
                9422427
                30956151
                f18fc5cc-1e59-4879-aadc-69a9e4e49b92
                © 2020 Associação Brasileira de Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia Cérvico-Facial. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda.

                This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 7 May 2018
                : 5 February 2019
                Categories
                Original Article

                larynx, non-squamous cell neoplasms,laryngeal neoplasm,inflammatory laryngeal lesions,laringe, neoplasias de células não escamosas,neoplasia laríngea,lesões laríngeas inflamatórias

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