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      Medical Ethics in Plastic Surgery: A Mini Review

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          Abstract

          Currently, cosmetic surgery is spread around the world. Several factors are involved in this rapidly evolving field such as socio-economic development, changes in cultural norms, globalization and the effects of Western culture, advertising, media, and mental disorders. Nowadays the cosmetic surgery is becoming a profitable business, which deals exclusively with human appearance and less from the perspective of beauty based on physical protests and considering factors such as sex, age, and race. The morality of plastic surgery subspecialty has undergone many moral dilemmas in the past few years. The role of the patient regardless of his unrealistic dreams has questionable ethical dimension. The problem is the loss of human values and replacing them with false values, of pride and glory to a charismatic person of higher status, that may underlie some of the posed ethical dilemmas. Cosmetic surgery has huge difference with the general principle of legal liability in professional orientation, because the objective for cosmetic surgeries is different from common therapeutic purposes. To observe excellence in the medical profession, we should always keep in mind that these service providers, often as a therapist (healer) must maintain a commitment and priority for patient safety and prior to any action, a real apply for this service recipient should be present. Also, patient–physician confidentiality is the cornerstone of medical ethics. In this review, we study the issues addressed and the ways that they can be resolved.

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          Most cited references28

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          Psychosocial factors predicting the motivation to undergo cosmetic surgery.

          The present study investigates psychological factors expected to predict the motivation to undergo cosmetic surgery. It is hypothesized that body image, self-esteem, teasing history, acceptance of cosmetic surgery in the individual's environment, and self-monitoring relate to motivation to have cosmetic surgery.
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            A systematic review of ethical principles in the plastic surgery literature.

            This purpose of this study was to perform a systematic review to identify articles that discuss ethical issues relating to the field of plastic and reconstructive surgery and to evaluate whether ethical issues are underrepresented in the plastic surgery literature.
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              Ethical issues in plastic and reconstructive surgery.

              Plastic, reconstructive, and cosmetic surgery refers to a variety of operations performed in order to repair or restore body parts to look normal or to enhance a certain structure or anatomy that is already normal. Several ethical considerations such as a patient's right for autonomy, informed consent, beneficence, and nonmalfeasance need to be given careful consideration. The principal objective of the medical profession is to render services to humanity with full respect for human dignity. Plastic surgeons should merit the confidence of patients entrusted to their care, rendering to each a full measure of service and devotion. They require an extensive amount of education and training. The increases in demand for aesthetic plastic surgery and the advocacy of practice in the media have raised concerns about the circumstances under which cosmetic surgery is ethical and permissible. Innovative research, and new technologies derived from such research, almost always raises ethical and policy concerns. Medical ethics regulate what is, and what is not, correct in promoting plastic surgery to the public. It is essential to create an educated and informed public about the ethical issues in the plastic and reconstructive surgery field. Plastic surgeons need to carefully evaluate the degree of deformity, physical and emotional maturity, and desired outcome of patients who request plastic surgery procedures. Science is a powerful force for change in modern society and plastic surgeons have a responsibility to shepherd that change with thoughtful advocacy and careful ethical scrutiny of their own behavior.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                World J Plast Surg
                World J Plast Surg
                WJPS
                World Journal of Plastic Surgery
                Iranian Society for Plastic Surgeons (Tehran, Iran )
                2228-7914
                2252-0724
                September 2016
                : 5
                : 3
                : 207-212
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Deputy of Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;
                [2 ]Department of Plastic Surgery, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;
                [3 ]Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;
                [4 ]Dental Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding Author: Ali Ebrahimi, MD; Associate Professor of Department of Plastic Surgery, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 14366-14313, Tehran, Iran , Tel: +9821-88622443, Fax: +9821-88622416, Email: ae_49341@yahoo.com
                Article
                wjps-5-207
                5109381
                27853683
                f1752280-b9fd-4518-97a8-d00890b3ad72

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 30 December 2015
                : 25 July 2016
                : 30 July 2016
                Categories
                Review Article

                medical ethics,plastic surgery,aesthetic
                medical ethics, plastic surgery, aesthetic

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