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      Rastreamento de metástases no pré-operatório do câncer de mama Translated title: Screening of breast cancer metastasis at preoperative work-up

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          Abstract

          Objetivos: verificar a freqüência de bilateralidade sincrônica e de metástases (M) ocultas no pré-operatório de pacientes com câncer de mama em estudo retrospectivo com inclusão de 454 pacientes tratadas num período de 60 meses no Instituto Nacional de Câncer (Brasil) com câncer operável de mama. Métodos: a avaliação pré-operatória constou de mamografia, cintilografia óssea e estudo radiológico se necessário, radiografia simples do tórax e ultra-sonografia (US) hepática em 260 (57,3%) pacientes. A relação custo/efetividade dos exames levou em consideração os custos diretos (valor monetário) e a efetividade foi analisada em função do número de metástases rastreadas e confirmadas pela metodologia empregada. Resultados: o rastreio de câncer bilateral sincrônico foi negativo e o de metástase foi positivo em 9 pacientes (2%). O diagnóstico de M ósseas ocorreu em 1,5 % (7/454), pulmonares em 0,4% (2/454), com idêntico percentual para M hepáticas detectadas pela US hepática (1/260). A maioria das pacientes com M estava classificada no estádio clínico IIIb (44,5%). O rastreio de 9 pacientes com M, teve custo total de US\(131,020.00. Para cada M diagnosticada, num total de 10 (uma paciente teve duas) o custo foi de US\) 29,221.85; a relação custo/efetividade, foi, portanto, de 22,3%. Conclusões: concluímos que o rastreio de M no pré-operatório de carcinoma de mama fica restrito às pacientes sintomáticas para doença sistêmica ou no estádio clínico III e que a relação custo/efetividade dos exames demonstrou restrito benefício na avaliação pré-operatória.

          Translated abstract

          Purpose: to analyze the frequency of preoperative bilateral synchronic cancer and occult metastases in 454 operable breast cancer patients, at Instituto Nacional de Câncer (Brazil). Methods: the preoperative evaluation consisted of mammography, bone scan with X-ray if necessary, and chest X-ray. 260 (57.3 %) of 454 patients underwent liver echography. We calculated the cost X effectiveness ratio considering only the direct costs (monetary value) and the effectiveness was analyzed based on the number of metastases identifid by the screening tests. Results: we did not find any case of bilateral synchronic cancer, and the frequency of patients with metastasis was 2% (9/454). The diagnosis of bone metastasis was 1.5 % (7/454). The percentage of lung (2/454) and liver (1/260) metastasis was the same, 0.4 %. Most of the patients with metastases were in stage IIIb (44.5 %). The results of the screening tests showed the alteration of the initial clinical stage in 9 patients only (2%). The total cost of the screening tests for the diagnosis of systemic disease in 9 patients, was US$ 131,020.00. The cost of each diagnosed metastasise, for a total of 10 (two were found in one of the patients), was US$ 29,221.85 and the cost/effectiveness ratio was 22.3%. Conclusious: the results showed that screening for metastases in the preoperative clinical staging of breast cancer should be limited to patients symptomatic for systemic disease or in clinical stage III and that the cost/effectiveness ratio of the tests demonstrated a reduced benefit in the preoperative evaluation.

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          Risk factors predicting the incidence of second primary breast cancer among women diagnosed with a first primary breast cancer.

          This study examined risk factors for development of a contralateral breast cancer among 4,660 US women diagnosed with a first primary breast cancer between 1980 and 1982. The authors believe it to be the first prospective cohort study on this topic that has employed direct patient interviews. All subjects were interviewed within 6 months of the diagnosis of their initial tumor as part of the multi-center, population-based, case-control Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study, and they were followed until the end of 1986 through the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program. Exclusive of those diagnosed during the initial 6 months after diagnosis of a first primary, 136 second primary breast cancers were identified. Proportional hazards models were used to assess the independent effects of multiple predictors. Specific risk factors evaluated included: age at diagnosis of first primary, exposure to exogenous hormones, menstrual and reproductive histories, tumor characteristics, demographic variables, and treatment modalities. The age-specific incidence rates of second primary breast cancer were higher in all age categories than are the incidence rates of breast cancer in the general population, yet the age at diagnosis of first primary breast cancer was not an important predictor of contralateral breast cancer. The risk of contralateral breast cancer was increased among cohort members who reported a personal history of benign breast biopsy (multivariable-adjusted rate ratio (RR) = 1.69, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.13-2.53) and in those with an initial tumor that was classified as lobular carcinoma (multivariable-adjusted RR = 1.96, 95% CI 1.17-3.27). Treatment with chemotherapy for the first primary was associated with a lower risk of development of a second breast cancer (multivariable-adjusted RR = 0.56, 95% CI 0.33-0.96), while radiation therapy had little effect on the risk (multivariable-adjusted RR = 1.19, 95% CI 0.78-1.80).
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            Contralateral breast cancer: clinical characteristics and impact on prognosis.

            To determine the characteristics of patients with unilateral breast cancer who subsequently develop contralateral breast cancer (CBC), to assess their prognosis relative to patients who do not develop a CBC, and to assess the feasibility of using conservative surgery (CS) and radiotherapy (RT) to treat CBC. Of 1,624 women treated with CS and RT for unilateral stage I or II breast cancer at the Joint Center for Radiation Therapy, 77 developed an invasive CBC. Sixty-two CBCs were treated with CS and RT. The median follow-up duration was 95 months from the time of initial breast cancer diagnosis, and 63 months from CBC diagnosis. The cumulative actuarial rate of CBC was 7.0% at 10 years, and the annual incidence rate for CBC was relatively constant. Young age predicted for CBC. When age was analyzed by decade the relative risk (RR) for older patients compared with younger patients was 0.79 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.62 to 1.01). The presence of lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), higher tumor stage, and lack of adjuvant systemic therapy also predicted for CBC with borderline significance. Multivariate analyses showed that CBC was associated with a statistically significant greater likelihood of local recurrence (LR) or distant recurrence (RR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.03 to 2.71), and distant-only recurrence (RR, 2.17; 95% CI, 1.28 to 3.69). Among assessable patients treated with bilateral RT, 28 of 31 ipsilateral and 11 of 11 contralateral breasts had an excellent or good overall cosmetic outcome at 5 years, and treatment-related complications were minimal. We conclude that (1) young age is associated with a greater likelihood of CBC, (2) patients who develop a CBC have a greater subsequent risk of distant relapse as compared with patients without CBC, and (3) it is feasible to deliver sequential nonoverlapping bilateral RT without compromising the cosmetic outcome or increasing complications.
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              Second primary cancers of the breast: incidence and risk factors.

              Between 1946 and 1976 over 9,000 women with breast cancer were seen within one year of diagnosis at the A. Maxwell Evans Clinic (AMEC) in Vancouver, British Columbia. By 1978, 275 had a subsequent diagnosis of a second primary in the contralateral breast: 100 were diagnosed within 1 year, and 175 after 1 year of the first primary. Two separate comparison groups of AMEC patients with unilateral breast cancer were selected to identify risk factors for bilateral breast cancer and to determine the incidence. The average annual incidence rates for a second primary in the contralateral breast were 5.0, 4.1 and 3.0 per 1,000 women for women less than 45 years, 45-54 years, and over 55 years of age at diagnosis of first primary breast cancer, respectively. These rates remained stable for at least 15 years after the diagnosis of the first primary. Two risk factors were found for bilateral cancer within 1 year of the first primary, histologic diagnosis of lobular carcinoma and absence of pathologic involvement of axillary nodes; one risk factor was found for bilateral breast cancer after 1 year of the first primary, family history of breast cancer.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rbgo
                Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia
                Rev. Bras. Ginecol. Obstet.
                Federação Brasileira das Sociedades de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil )
                0100-7203
                1806-9339
                September 1998
                : 20
                : 8
                : 475-479
                Affiliations
                [01] São Luís MA orgnameInstituto Nacional de Câncer mbetha@ 123456elo.com.br
                Article
                S0100-72031998000800008 S0100-7203(98)02000808
                10.1590/S0100-72031998000800008
                f148980a-81d9-4275-b609-359244f2c353

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 22, Pages: 5
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                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Trabalhos Originais

                Ultra-sonografia,Câncer de mama,Metástases,Pré-operatório,Custo em saúde,Breast cancer,Metastasis,Health care costs,Ultrasonography

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