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      Relación entre electroencefalograma y neuroimagen en niños con epilepsia focal de difícil control Translated title: Relation between electroencephalogram and neuroimaging present in children with epilepsy of difficult control

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          Abstract

          INTRODUCCIÓN. Las epilepsias focales son las más frecuentes en los niños, y la resistencia al tratamiento farmacológico puede estar presente hasta en el 30 % de los pacientes. Se realizó este estudio con el objetivo de dirigir la atención hacia la coincidencia topográfica de los paroxismos electroencefalográficos, con lesiones estructurales demostrables por neuroimagen, para facilitar el diseño de estrategias terapéuticas futuras. MÉTODOS. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, longitudinal prospectivo, con 44 niños con diagnóstico de epilepsia focal de difícil control, ingresados en el Servicio de Neuropediatría del Hospital Pediátrico Docente «Juan M. Márquez», entre enero de 2003 y junio de 2007. Se realizaron estudios por electroencefalograma (EEG) al ingreso y videoelectroencefalograma, además de estudios de neuroimagen por tomografía axial o resonancia magnética nuclear. RESULTADOS. Los paroxismos en EEG involucraron el lóbulo frontal hasta en el 68 % de los pacientes. En el 48 % de los pacientes, los paroxismos electroencefalográficos coinciden con zonas de alteración estructural según neuroimagen, más frecuentes en el lóbulo frontal. En el 25 % no hay coincidencia topográfica y en el 27 % no se precisan alteraciones estructurales. CONCLUSIONES. En las epilepsias focales de difícil control se debe prestar especial atención a las zonas elocuentes con coincidencia entre el EEG y la neuroimagen, para evaluar de forma temprana las alternativas quirúrgicas de tratamiento.

          Translated abstract

          INTRODUCTION: Focal epilepsies are the more frequent conditions in children and a pharmacologic treatment resistance could be present up to 30% of patients. Aim of present paper was to direct the attention to topographic coincidence of electroencephalographic paroxysms with structural lesions by neuroimaging facilitating the future therapeutical strategies design. METHODS: A descriptive, longitudinal, prospective study was conducted in 44 children diagnosed with epilepsy of difficult control admitted in Neuropediatrics Service of "Juán Manuel Márquez" Teaching Children Hospital from January, 2003 to June, 2007. At admission, we made electroencephalogram (EEG) and videoelectroencephalogram (VEEG) studies as well as neuroimaging studies by axial tomography (AT) or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). RESULTS: Paroxysms in EEG involved frontal lobule up to the 68% of patients. In 48%, electroencephalographic paroxysms coincide with structural alteration zones according neuroimaging, more frequent in frontal lobule. In 25% there is not topographic coincidence, and in 27% there are not specified structural alterations. CONCLUSIONS: In focal epilepsies of difficult control, we must to take care of eloquent zones with coincident between EEG and neuroimaging to assess in time the surgical treatment options.

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          Clinical characteristics in focal cortical dysplasia: a retrospective evaluation in a series of 120 patients.

          Focal cortical dysplasias (FCDs) are increasingly diagnosed as a cause of symptomatic focal epilepsy in paediatric and adult patients. However, little is known about the clinical characteristics of epilepsy in these patients. In order to elucidate the clinical characteristics of their epilepsy, 120 pharmacoresistant patients including children and adults with histologically proven FCD were studied retrospectively. Age at seizure onset was analysed in the total group and compared between subgroups with different localization and different histological subtypes of FCD. The role of febrile seizures with respect to dual pathology was investigated. Seizure semiology was analysed focusing on initial seizure type and change of seizure semiology during the course of disease. Finally, transient responsiveness to antiepileptic drug therapy was studied. In the majority of patients, epilepsy began in the first 5 years of life. However, onset of epilepsy could also occur in the second or third decade until the age of 60. Age at epilepsy onset was not significantly different between temporal, extratemporal and multilobar localization of FCD. Patients without cytoarchitectural abnormalities (mild malformations of cortical development, FCD 1a according to Palmini) had significantly later epilepsy onset (P= 0.001) compared with patients with cytoarchitectural abnormalities (FCD 1b, 2a and 2b according to Palmini). In patients with additional hippocampal sclerosis (dual pathology) febrile seizures were significantly more frequently reported (P = 0.02) than in patients without dual pathology. Moreover, patients with dual pathology and febrile seizures significantly more frequently presented with severe hippocampal sclerosis (Wyler Grade 3-4) as compared with patients with dual pathology in the absence of febrile seizures (P = 0.03). First observed seizures were mainly tonic or generalized tonic-clonic. A change of seizure semiology seemed to be age-dependent and occurred between the age of >1 and 14 years. About 15.8% of the patients presented with status epilepticus during the course of disease. About 17% of the patients showed transient responsiveness (> or =1 year seizure freedom) to antiepileptic drug therapy either after initial therapy (50%) or later in the course of epilepsy (50%). Patients with FCD represent a heterogeneous group. Different age at epilepsy onset and transient responsiveness to antiepileptic drugs in approximately 17% of patients may reflect different dynamics in epileptogenicity of the underlying FCD. Dual pathology may be associated with different pathomechanisms in patients with and without febrile seizures.
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            The syndrome of frontal lobe epilepsy: characteristics and surgical management.

            We reviewed the historical features, preoperative diagnostic evaluation, operative procedure, and surgical outcome in 16 patients with refractory frontal lobe epilepsy. Clinical expression of the epilepsy varied widely, particularly with respect to seizure characteristics, although high monthly seizure frequency and absence of a risk factor for epilepsy before age 5 occurred more often than in reported in temporal lobe epilepsy patients. Seizures often caused early bilateral movements, were brief, and lacked oroalimentary automatisms and a prolonged postictal state. Both the interictal and ictal scalp EEGs had relatively poor sensitivity and specificity and often either contained no epileptiform abnormalities or were misleading. MRI usually identified structural lesions when these were present, although it was negative in two patients with tumors. In the absence of an MRI lesion, intracranial EEG usually identified the area to be resected, although it too provided misleading information in one case. Surgical procedures consisted of focal resections with or without anterior corpus callosotomy, or of corpus callosotomy alone. Nearly all patients improved after surgery, with a majority (67%) becoming seizure-free (average follow-up, 46 months). Preoperative seizure frequency correlated with seizure relief after surgery, as did age of seizure onset, whereas presence of tumor did not. We conclude that frontal lobe epilepsy warrants aggressive investigation and that surgical treatment often can be successful.
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              Panayiotopoulos syndrome.

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                ped
                Revista Cubana de Pediatría
                Rev Cubana Pediatr
                Centro Nacional de Información de Ciencias Médicas; Editorial Ciencias Médicas (La Habana, , Cuba )
                0034-7531
                1561-3119
                September 2009
                : 81
                : 3
                Affiliations
                [01] La Habana orgnameFacultad Finlay-Albarrán orgdiv1Hospital Pediátrico Docente Juan M. Márquez. Cuba.
                Article
                S0034-75312009000300002 S0034-7531(09)08100302
                f126361e-8496-422a-b638-4303f7504971

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 16 February 2009
                : 27 October 2008
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 21, Pages: 0
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                SciELO Cuba

                Categories
                ARTÍCULOS ORIGINALES

                tomografía computarizada,resonancia magnética,videoelectroencefalograma,electroencefalograma,Epilepsia focal de difícil control,frontal cortical atrophy.,frontal lobule,computed tomography,magnetic resonance,videoelectroencephalogram,electroencephalogram,Focal epilepsy of difficult control,lóbulo frontal,atrofia cortical frontal.

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