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      • Record: found
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      Antimicrobial activity of Calendula officinalis, Camellia sinensis and chlorhexidine against the adherence of microorganisms to sutures after extraction of unerupted third molars

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          Abstract

          Objective

          The objective of this study was to compare the antimicrobial effect of mouthwashes containing Calendula officinalis L., Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze and 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate on the adherence of microorganisms to suture materials after extraction of unerupted third molars.

          Material and Methods

          Eighteen patients with unerupted maxillary third molars indicated for extraction were selected (n=6 per mouthwash). First, the patients were subjected to extraction of the left tooth and instructed not to use any type of antiseptic solution at the site of surgery (control group). After 15 days, the right tooth was extracted and the patients were instructed to use the Calendula officinalis, Camellia sinensis or chlorhexidine mouthwash during 1 week (experimental group). For each surgery, the sutures were removed on postoperative day 7 and placed in sterile phosphate-buffered saline. Next, serial dilutions were prepared and seeded onto different culture media for the growth of the following microorganisms: blood agar for total microorganism growth; Mitis Salivarius bacitracin sucrose agar for mutans group streptococci; mannitol agar for Staphylococcus spp.; MacConkey agar for enterobacteria and Pseudomonas spp., and Sabouraud dextrose agar containing chloramphenicol for Candida spp. The plates were incubated during 24-48 h at 37ºC for microorganism count (CFU/mL).

          Results

          The three mouthwashes tested reduced the number of microorganisms adhered to the sutures compared to the control group. However, significant differences between the control and experimental groups were only observed for the mouthwash containing 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate.

          Conclusions

          Calendula officinalis L. and Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze presented antimicrobial activity against the adherence of microorganisms to sutures but were not as efficient as chlorhexidine digluconate.

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          Most cited references71

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          Which extractant should be used for the screening and isolation of antimicrobial components from plants?

          J.N. Eloff (1998)
          Freeze dried and finely ground leaves of two plants with known antimicrobial activity, Anthocleista grandiflora and Combretum erythrophyllum were extracted with acetone, ethanol, methanol, methylenedichloride, methanol/chloroform/water and water at a 1 to 10 ratio in each case. The quantity and diversity of compounds extracted, number of inhibitors extracted, rate of extraction, toxicity in a bioassay, ease of removal of solvent and biological hazard were evaluated for each extractant. An arbitrary scoring system was developed to evaluate the above parameters for the different extractants. Acetone gave the best results with these plants with an arbitrary value of 102 followed by methanol/chloroform/water (81), methylene dichloride (79), methanol (71), ethanol (58) and water (47). Four five minute sequential extractions of very finely ground A. grandiflora shaking at a high rate extracted 97% of the total antimicrobial activity.
          Article 0 comments Cited 163 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils from aromatic plants used in Brazil

            Adilson Sartoratto, Ana Lúcia M. Machado, Camila Delarmelina … (2004)
            Essential oils from aerial parts of Mentha piperita, M. spicata, Thymus vulgaris, Origanum vulgare, O. applii, Aloysia triphylla, Ocimum gratissimum, O. basilicum were obtained by steam destillation using a Clevenger-type system. These oils were screened for antibacterial and anti-Candida albicans activity using bioautographic method. Subsequently, minimal inhibitory concentration from oils was determined by microdilution method. Most essential oil studied were effective against Enterococcus faecium and Salmonella cholerasuis. Aloysia triphylla and O. basilicum presented moderate inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus while only A. tryphila and M. piperita were able to control the yeast Candida albicans. The oils were analyzed by GC and GC-MS techniques in order to determine the majoritary compounds.
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              Bactericidal catechins damage the lipid bilayer.

              T Nakae, T Shimamura, H Ikigai … (1993)
              The mode of antibacterial action of, the green tea (Camellia sinensis) extracts, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg) and (-)-epicatechin (EC) was investigated. Strong bactericidal EGCg caused leakage of 5,6-carboxyfluorescein from phosphatidylcholine liposomes (PC), but EC with very weak bactericidal activity caused little damage to the membrane. Phosphatidylserine and dicetyl phosphate partially protected the membrane from EGCg-mediated damage when reconstituted into the liposome membrane with PC. EGCg, but not EC, caused strong aggregation and NPN-fluorescence quenching of PC-liposomes and these actions were markedly lowered in the presence of negatively charged lipids. These results show that bactericidal catechins primarily act on and damage bacterial membranes. The observation that Gram-negative bacteria are more resistant to bactericidal catechins than Gram-positive bacteria can be explained to some extent by the presence of negatively charged lipopolysaccharide.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Appl Oral Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Appl Oral Sci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): J. Appl. Oral. Sci.
                Title: Journal of Applied Oral Science
                Publisher: Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru da Universidade de São Paulo
                ISSN (Print): 1678-7757
                ISSN (Electronic): 1678-7765
                Publication date (Print and electronic): Sep-Oct 2011
                Publication date (Print): Sep-Oct 2011
                Volume: 19
                Issue: 5
                Pages: 476-482
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Undergraduate student, São José dos Campos Dental School, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil.
                [2 ] MSc, Faculty of Pindamonhangaba - FAPI, Pindamonhangaba, SP, Brazil.
                [3 ] PhD, Faculty of Pindamonhangaba - FAPI, Pindamonhangaba, SP, Brazil.
                [4 ] Postgraduate student, São José dos Campos Dental School, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil.
                [5 ] PhD, Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, São José dos Campos Dental School, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil.
                [6 ] PhD, Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, São José dos Campos Dental School, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil.
                Author notes
                Corresponding address: Juliana Campos Junqueira - Faculdade de Odontologia de São José dos Campos - UNESP - Departamento de Biociências e Diagnóstico Bucal - Av. Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimas - São José dos Campos - SP - Brazil - 12245-000 - Phone: +55 12 39479033 - Fax: +55 12 39479010 - e-mail: juliana@ 123456fosjc.unesp.br
                Article
                DOI: 10.1590/S1678-77572011000500007
                PMC ID: 3984193
                PubMed ID: 21986652
                SO-VID: f0acc4c6-74a4-452a-bb8d-8daba2298b01
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 08 October 2009
                Date revision received : 30 April 2010
                Date accepted : 26 October 2010
                Categories
                Subject: Original Articles

                Keywords: calendula officinalis l,camellia sinensis (l.) kuntze,chlorhexidine,antimicrobial activity
                Data availability:
                Keywords: calendula officinalis l, camellia sinensis (l.) kuntze, chlorhexidine, antimicrobial activity

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