Comparing the responses of grain fed feedlot cattle under moderate heat load and during subsequent recovery with those of feed restricted thermoneutral counterparts: metabolic hormones

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Abstract

We set out to determine the impact of moderate heat load on the plasma concentrations of a suite of hormones involved in regulating energy metabolism and feed intake. The responses of the thermally challenged (TC) feedlot steers were compared to those of feed restricted thermoneutral (FRTN) steers. Two sequential cohorts of twelve 518 ± 23 kg Black Angus steers on finisher grain ration were housed in climate-controlled rooms (CCR) for 18 days and returned to outdoor pens for 40 days. The TC group was subjected to a diurnal range of 28–35 °C for 7 days (Challenge) but held in thermoneutral conditions beforehand (PreChallenge), and in Recovery (after Challenge). The FRTN group was held in thermoneutral conditions and feed restricted throughout. Blood was collected over the three periods in CCR and two periods in outdoor pens for 40 days (PENS and Late PENS). Plasma concentrations of prolactin, thyroid stimulating hormone, insulin, leptin, adiponectin and thyroxine (T4) were determined during the five periods. Whilst the pituitary hormones were relatively stable, there were differences in plasma leptin, adiponectin and T4 between the two groups during Challenge and Recovery, and occasionally in PENS. The interaction of the plasma hormone concentrations and rumen temperature and DMI were also investigated. Whilst the positive relationship between DMI and leptin was confirmed, we found a strong negative relationship between adiponectin and rumen temperature, and a strong positive relationship between adiponectin and dry matter intake (DMI) in the TC steers only.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00484-023-02464-w.

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Most cited references 76

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Effects of heat stress on the welfare of extensively managed domestic ruminants

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Effects of heat stress on energetic metabolism in lactating Holstein cows.

J B Wheelock, R Rhoads, M VanBaale … (2010)

Heat stress has an enormous economic impact on the global dairy industry, but the mechanisms by which hyperthermia negatively affect systemic physiology and milk synthesis are not clear. Study objectives were to evaluate production parameters and metabolic variables in lactating dairy cows during short-term heat stress or pair-fed conditions coupled with bST administration. Twenty-two multiparous Holstein cows were subjected to 3 experimental periods: 1) thermoneutral conditions with ad libitum intake for 7 d (P1); 2) heat stress (HS) with ad libitum intake (n=10) or pair-fed (PF) in thermoneutral conditions (n=12) for 7 d (P2), and 3) 7 d of HS or PF in conditions as described in P2 with recombinant bovine somatotropin administered on d 1 (P3). All cows received an intravenous glucose tolerance test (GTT) on d 5 of each period. Heat stress conditions were cyclical and temperatures ranged from 29.4 to 38.9 degrees C. Rectal temperatures and respiration rates increased during heat stress (38.6-40.4 degrees C and 44-89 breaths/min, respectively). Heat stress reduced dry matter intake by 30% and by design PF cows had similar intake reductions (28%). During heat stress and pair-feeding, milk yield decreased by 27.6% (9.6kg) and 13.9% (4.8kg), respectively, indicating that reduced feed intake accounted for only 50% of the decreased milk production. Milk yield increased with recombinant bovine somatotropin in both HS (9.7%) and PF (16.1%) cows. Cows in both groups were in positive energy balance (3.95 Mcal/d) during P1 but entered negative energy balance during P2 and P3 (-5.65 Mcal/d). Heat stress and pair-feeding treatments decreased (9.3%) basal glucose concentrations. Heat stress conditions had no effect on basal NEFA levels during P2; however, PF cows (despite a similar calculated energy balance) had a 2-fold increase in basal NEFA concentrations. Both groups had increased plasma urea nitrogen levels during P2 and P3 compared with P1. Basal insulin levels increased (37%) during P2 and P3 in HS cows but did not differ between periods in PF cows. During P2 and compared with P1, PF cows had a decreased rate of glucose disposal, whereas HS cows had a similar disposal rate following the GTT. During P2 and compared with P1, PF cows had a reduced insulin response whereas HS cows had a similar insulin response to the GTT. In summary, reduced nutrient intake accounted for only 50% of heat stress-induced decreases in milk yield, and feed intake-independent shifts in postabsorptive glucose and lipid homeostasis may contribute to the additional reduction in milk yield.

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Major advances associated with environmental effects on dairy cattle.

R J Collier, G E Dahl, M J VanBaale (2006)

It has long been known that season of the year has major impacts on dairy animal performance measures including growth, reproduction, and lactation. Additionally, as average production per cow has doubled, the metabolic heat output per animal has increased substantially rendering animals more susceptible to heat stress. This, in turn, has altered cooling and housing requirements for cattle. Substantial progress has been made in the last quarter-century in delineating the mechanisms by which thermal stress and photoperiod influence performance of dairy animals. Acclimation to thermal stress is now identified as a homeorhetic process under endocrine control. The process of acclimation occurs in 2 phases (acute and chronic) and involves changes in secretion rate of hormones as well as receptor populations in target tissues. The time required to complete both phases is weeks rather than days. The opportunity may exist to modify endocrine status of animals and improve their resistance to heat and cold stress. New estimates of genotype x environment interactions support use of recently available molecular and genomics tools to identify the genetic basis of heat-stress sensitivity and tolerance. Improved understanding of environmental effects on nutrient requirements has resulted in diets for dairy animals during different weather conditions. Demonstration that estrus behavior is adversely affected by heat stress has led to increased use of timed insemination schemes during the warm summer months to improve conception rates by discarding the need to detect estrus. Studies evaluating the effects of heat stress on embryonic survival support use of cooling during the immediate postbreeding period and use of embryo transfer to improve pregnancy rates. Successful cooling strategies for lactating dairy cows are based on maximizing available routes of heat exchange, convection, conduction, radiation, and evaporation. Areas in dairy operations in which cooling systems have been used to enhance cow comfort, improve milk production, reproductive efficiency, and profit include both housing and milking facilities. Currently, air movement (fans), wetting (soaking) the cow's body surface, high pressure mist (evaporation) to cool the air in the cows' environment, and facilities designed to minimize the transfer of solar radiation are used for heat abatement. Finally, improved understanding of photoperiod effects on cattle has allowed producers to maximize beneficial effects of photoperiod length while minimizing negative effects.

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Author and article information

Contributors

G. Wijffels:

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5552-4416

gene.wijffels@csiro.au

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Biometeorol

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Biometeorol

Title: International Journal of Biometeorology

Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg (Berlin/Heidelberg )

ISSN (Print): 0020-7128

ISSN (Electronic): 1432-1254

Publication date (Electronic): 11 April 2023

Publication date PMC-release: 11 April 2023

Publication date (Print): 2023

Volume: 67

Issue: 5

Pages: 897-911

Affiliations

[1 ]CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia, Qld 4067 Australia

[2 ]GRID grid.1003.2, ISNI 0000 0000 9320 7537, School of Agriculture and Food, , The University of Queensland, ; Gatton, Qld 4343 Australia

[3 ]GRID grid.1003.2, ISNI 0000 0000 9320 7537, School of Biomedical Sciences, , The University of Queensland, ; St Lucia, Qld 4067 Australia

[4 ]GRID grid.410543.7, ISNI 0000 0001 2188 478X, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, , Universidade Estadual Paulista, ; Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil

[5 ]GRID grid.1003.2, ISNI 0000 0000 9320 7537, School of Veterinary Science, , The University of Queensland, ; Gatton, Qld 4343 Australia

Author information

G. Wijffels http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5552-4416

Article

Publisher ID: 2464

DOI: 10.1007/s00484-023-02464-w

PMC ID: 10167112

PubMed ID: 37041373

SO-VID: f0434092-19a5-4b11-9469-882bf6679e26

License:

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

History

Date received : 23 September 2022

Date revision received : 10 February 2023

Date accepted : 23 March 2023

Funding

Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001054, Meat and Livestock Australia;

Award ID: Heat Stress Nutrition Project B.FLT.0157.

Award Recipient : G. Wijffels

Funded by: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)

Open Access :

Open access funding provided by CSIRO Library Services.

Custom metadata

ScienceOpen disciplines: Atmospheric science & Climatology

Keywords: adiponectin,cattle,hyperthermia,hormones,insulin,leptin,prolactin

Data availability:

ScienceOpen disciplines: Atmospheric science & Climatology

Keywords: adiponectin, cattle, hyperthermia, hormones, insulin, leptin, prolactin

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