Comparison of Visual Inspection Methods with Pap Smear as Screening Test for Premalignant Lesions of the Cervix

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A BSTRACT:

Aim and Objectives:

The present study was done to compare the visual inspection methods with Pap smear as a screening test for premalignant lesions of the cervix.

Materials and Methods:

The present observational prospective study was done at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Teerthanker Mahaveer Medical College and Research Center for 18 months. All study subjects were subjected to Papanicolaou smear, VIA, and VILI examination. If any of these tests were found positive, then a colposcopy and cervical biopsy were done.

Results:

The sensitivity of Pap, VIA, VILI, and colposcopy was 52.63%, 84.21%, 73.68%, and 84.21%, respectively. The specificity of Pap, VIA, VILI, and colposcopy was 60.0%, 80.0%, 60.0%, and 80.0%, respectively. The accuracy of Pap, VIA, VILI, and colposcopy was 54.17%, 83.33%, 70.83%, and 83.33%, respectively.

Conclusion:

It is well known that VIA and VILI are very easy to carry out and apply. Even technically they do not cost much, consume less tax and can be applied to all the patients. Even the results are calculated in a faster manner which helps in chalking out the plan in an easy way.

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Most cited references 26

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Cervical cancer

Paul A. Cohen, Anjua Jhingran, Ana Oaknin … (2019)

Each year, more than half a million women are diagnosed with cervical cancer and the disease results in over 300 000 deaths worldwide. High-risk subtypes of the human papilloma virus (HPV) are the cause of the disease in most cases. The disease is largely preventable. Approximately 90% of cervical cancers occur in low-income and middle-income countries that lack organised screening and HPV vaccination programmes. In high-income countries, cervical cancer incidence and mortality have more than halved over the past 30 years since the introduction of formal screening programmes. Treatment depends on disease extent at diagnosis and locally available resources, and might involve radical hysterectomy or chemoradiation, or a combination of both. Conservative, fertility-preserving surgical procedures have become standard of care for women with low-risk, early-stage disease. Advances in radiotherapy technology, such as intensity-modulated radiotherapy, have resulted in less treatment-related toxicity for women with locally-advanced disease. For women with metastatic or recurrent disease, the overall prognosis remains poor; nevertheless, the incorporation of the anti-VEGF agent bevacizumab has been able to extend overall survival beyond 12 months. Preliminary results of novel immunotherapeutic approaches, similarly to other solid tumours, have shown promising results so far.

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Epidemiology of cervical cancer with special focus on India

Aswathy Sreedevi, Reshma Javed, Avani Dinesh (2015)

Cervical cancer is on the declining trend in India according to the population-based registries; yet it continues to be a major public health problem for women in India. Multifactorial causation, potential for prevention, and the sheer threat it poses make cervical cancer an important disease for in-depth studies, as has been attempted by this paper. This paper attempts to review the available knowledge regarding the epidemiology and pattern of cervical cancer; types of HPV (human papilloma virus) prevalent among cervical cancer patients and among women in general, high-risk groups such as commercial sex workers, and HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)-positive women; and the role of the national program on cancer in control efforts. The peak age of incidence of cervical cancer is 55–59 years, and a considerable proportion of women report in the late stages of disease. Specific types of oncogenic HPV-16, 18 have been identified in patients with cervical cancer. Other epidemiological risk factors are early age at marriage, multiple sexual partners, multiple pregnancies, poor genital hygiene, malnutrition, use of oral contraceptives, and lack of awareness. A multipronged approach is necessary which can target areas of high prevalence identified by registries with a combination of behavior change communication exercises and routine early screening with VIA. Sensitizing the people of the area, including menfolk, is necessary to increase uptake levels. Vaccination against types 16 and 18 can also be undertaken after taking into confidence all stakeholders, including the parents of adolescent girls. Preventing and treating cervical cancer and reducing the burden are possible by targeting resources to the areas with high prevalence.

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Cervical cancer screening: Current knowledge & practice among women in a rural population of Kerala, India

S. Aswathy, Mariya Quereshi, Beteena Kurian … (2012)

Background & objectives: Cervical cancer has a major impact on woman's lives worldwide and one in every five women suffering from cervical cancer belongs to India. Hence the objectives of this study were to find the knowledge of women regarding cervical cancer, to determine screening practices and determinants, and to identify factors for non screening. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Vypin Block of Ernakulam District, Kerala, India where four of the seven Panchayats were randomly chosen. Households were selected by systematic random sampling taking every second house in the tenth ward of the Panchayat till at least 200 women were interviewed. Thus, 809 women were interviewed from four Panchayats. Results: Mean age of the study population was 34.5 + 9.23 yr. Three fourths of the population (74.2%) knew that cervical cancer could be detected early by a screening test. Majority of respondents (89.2%) did not know any risk factor for cervical cancer. Of the 809 women studied, only 6.9 per cent had undergone screening. One third of the population were desirous of undergoing screening test but had not done it due to various factors. These factors related to knowledge (51.4%) such as no symptoms, not being aware of Pap test, not necessary, etc. This was followed by resource factors (15.1%) like no time, no money, etc. and psychosocial factors (10.2%) included lack of interest, fear of procedure, etc. Independent predictors for doing Pap test included age >35, having knowledge of screening for cervical cancer and Pap test (P<0.05). Interpretation & conclusions: Specific knowledge on cervical cancer screening is a critical element in determining whether a woman will undergo Pap test in addition to making cancer screening facilities available in the primary health centre.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Midlife Health

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Midlife Health

Journal ID (publisher-id): JMH

Journal ID (publisher-id): J Mid-life Health

Title: Journal of Mid-Life Health

Publisher: Wolters Kluwer - Medknow (India )

ISSN (Print): 0976-7800

ISSN (Electronic): 0976-7819

Publication date (Print): Jan-Mar 2024

Publication date (Electronic): 04 April 2024

Volume: 15

Issue: 1

Pages: 19-24

Affiliations

[1]Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Teerthanker Mahaveer Medical College and Research Centre, Teerthanker Mahavir University, Moradabad, India

Author notes

Address for correspondence: Dr. Aayushi Jain, Sapna Arihant Building, Bastar Road, Dhamtari, Chhattisgarh, India. E-mail: jaayushi1013@ 123456gmail.com

Article

Publisher ID: JMH-15-19

DOI: 10.4103/jmh.jmh_201_23

PMC ID: 11100638

PubMed ID: 38764929

SO-VID: f01ad2c9-b635-42ca-ba8a-23e6e0578c44

License:

This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

History

Date received : 09 October 2023

Date revision received : 20 February 2024

Date accepted : 24 February 2024

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Comparison of Visual Inspection Methods with Pap Smear as Screening Test for Premalignant Lesions of the Cervix

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A BSTRACT:

Aim and Objectives:

Materials and Methods:

Results:

Conclusion:

Related collections

Karger: Nephrology

Most cited references 26

Cervical cancer

Epidemiology of cervical cancer with special focus on India

Cervical cancer screening: Current knowledge & practice among women in a rural population of Kerala, India

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