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      Watching eyes take shape

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          Abstract

          Vertebrate eye formation is a multistep process requiring coordinated inductive interactions between neural and non-neural ectoderm and underlying mesendoderm. The induction and shaping of the eyes involves an elaborate cellular choreography characterized by precise changes in cell shape coupled with complex cellular and epithelial movements. Consequently, the forming eye is an excellent model to study the cellular mechanisms underlying complex tissue morphogenesis. Using examples largely drawn from recent studies of optic vesicle formation in zebrafish and in cultured embryonic stem cells, in this short review, we highlight some recent advances in our understanding of the events that shape the vertebrate eye.

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          Eye morphogenesis and patterning of the optic vesicle.

          Sabine Fuhrmann (2010)
          Organogenesis of the eye is a multistep process that starts with the formation of optic vesicles followed by invagination of the distal domain of the vesicles and the overlying lens placode resulting in morphogenesis of the optic cup. The late optic vesicle becomes patterned into distinct ocular tissues: the neural retina, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and optic stalk. Multiple congenital eye disorders, including anophthalmia or microphthalmia, aniridia, coloboma, and retinal dysplasia, stem from disruptions in embryonic eye development. Thus, it is critical to understand the mechanisms that lead to initial specification and differentiation of ocular tissues. An accumulating number of studies demonstrate that a complex interplay between inductive signals provided by tissue-tissue interactions and cell-intrinsic factors is critical to ensuring proper specification of ocular tissues as well as maintenance of RPE cell fate. While several of the extrinsic and intrinsic determinants have been identified, we are just at the beginning in understanding how these signals are integrated. In addition, we know very little about the actual output of these interactions. In this chapter, we provide an update of the mechanisms controlling the early steps of eye development in vertebrates, with emphasis on optic vesicle evagination, specification of neural retina and RPE at the optic vesicle stage, the process of invagination during morphogenesis of the optic cup, and maintenance of the RPE cell fate. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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            Early eye development in vertebrates.

            Christina R. Chow, R A Lang (2001)
            This review provides a synthesis that combines data from classical experimentation and recent advances in our understanding of early eye development. Emphasis is placed on the events that underlie and direct neural retina formation and lens induction. Understanding these events represents a longstanding problem in developmental biology. Early interest can be attributed to the curiosity generated by the relatively frequent occurrence of disorders such as cyclopia and anophthalmia, in which dramatic changes in eye development are readily observed. However, it was the advent of experimental embryology at the turn of the century that transformed curiosity into active investigation. Pioneered by investigators such as Spemann and Adelmann, these embryological manipulations have left a profound legacy. Questions about early eye development first addressed using tissue manipulations remain topical as we try to understand the molecular basis of this process.
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              Generation of functional thyroid from embryonic stem cells.

              Francesco Antonica, Dominika Kasprzyk, Robert Opitz … (2012)
              The primary function of the thyroid gland is to metabolize iodide by synthesizing thyroid hormones, which are critical regulators of growth, development and metabolism in almost all tissues. So far, research on thyroid morphogenesis has been missing an efficient stem-cell model system that allows for the in vitro recapitulation of the molecular and morphogenic events regulating thyroid follicular-cell differentiation and subsequent assembly into functional thyroid follicles. Here we report that a transient overexpression of the transcription factors NKX2-1 and PAX8 is sufficient to direct mouse embryonic stem-cell differentiation into thyroid follicular cells that organize into three-dimensional follicular structures when treated with thyrotropin. These in vitro-derived follicles showed appreciable iodide organification activity. Importantly, when grafted in vivo into athyroid mice, these follicles rescued thyroid hormone plasma levels and promoted subsequent symptomatic recovery. Thus, mouse embryonic stem cells can be induced to differentiate into thyroid follicular cells in vitro and generate functional thyroid tissue.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Stephen W Wilson
                Gaia Gestri
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Curr Opin Genet Dev
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev
                Title: Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Print): 0959-437X
                ISSN (Electronic): 1879-0380
                Publication date PMC-release: 1 June 2015
                Publication date (Print): June 2015
                Volume: 32
                Pages: 73-79
                Affiliations
                [0005]Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, UCL, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
                Author notes
                [1]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                Article
                Publisher ID: S0959-437X(15)00016-7
                DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2015.02.004
                PMC ID: 4931046
                PubMed ID: 25748250
                SO-VID: efc4408f-ebf4-4194-9eec-55e264a10b1f
                Copyright © © 2015 The Authors
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Genetics
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                ScienceOpen disciplines: Genetics

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