Prevention and potential remedies for antibiotic resistance: current research and future prospects

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Abstract

The increasing threat of antibiotic resistance and shrinking treatment options for infections have pushed mankind into a difficult position. The looming threat of the return of the pre-antibiotic era has caused a sense of urgency to protect and conserve the potency of antibiotic therapy. One of the perverse effects of antibiotic resistance is the dissemination of its causative agents from non-clinically important strains to clinically important strains and vice versa. The popular saying “Prevention is better than cure” is appropriate for tackling antibiotic resistance. On the one hand, new and effective antibiotics are required; on the other hand, better measures for the use of antibiotics, along with increased awareness in the general public related to antibiotic use, are essential. Awareness, especially of appropriate antibiotic use, antibiotic resistance, its dissemination, and potential threats, can help greatly in controlling the use and abuse of antibiotics, and the containment of antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic drugs’ effectiveness can be enhanced by producing novel antibiotic analogs or adding adjuvants to current antibiotics. Combinatorial therapy of antibiotics has proven successful in treating multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial infections. This review aims to highlight the current global situation of antibiotic resistance and discuss the methods used to monitor, prevent, inhibit, or reverse bacterial resistance mechanisms in the fight against antibiotic resistance.

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Antibiotic resistance-the need for global solutions.

Ramanan Laxminarayan, Adriano Duse, Chand Wattal … (2013)

The causes of antibiotic resistance are complex and include human behaviour at many levels of society; the consequences affect everybody in the world. Similarities with climate change are evident. Many efforts have been made to describe the many different facets of antibiotic resistance and the interventions needed to meet the challenge. However, coordinated action is largely absent, especially at the political level, both nationally and internationally. Antibiotics paved the way for unprecedented medical and societal developments, and are today indispensible in all health systems. Achievements in modern medicine, such as major surgery, organ transplantation, treatment of preterm babies, and cancer chemotherapy, which we today take for granted, would not be possible without access to effective treatment for bacterial infections. Within just a few years, we might be faced with dire setbacks, medically, socially, and economically, unless real and unprecedented global coordinated actions are immediately taken. Here, we describe the global situation of antibiotic resistance, its major causes and consequences, and identify key areas in which action is urgently needed. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Metal nanoparticles: understanding the mechanisms behind antibacterial activity

Yael Slavin, Jason Asnis, Urs Häfeli … (2017)

As the field of nanomedicine emerges, there is a lag in research surrounding the topic of nanoparticle (NP) toxicity, particularly concerned with mechanisms of action. The continuous emergence of bacterial resistance has challenged the research community to develop novel antibiotic agents. Metal NPs are among the most promising of these because show strong antibacterial activity. This review summarizes and discusses proposed mechanisms of antibacterial action of different metal NPs. These mechanisms of bacterial killing include the production of reactive oxygen species, cation release, biomolecule damages, ATP depletion, and membrane interaction. Finally, a comprehensive analysis of the effects of NPs on the regulation of genes and proteins (transcriptomic and proteomic) profiles is discussed.

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Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance.

Jose Munita, César Arias (2016)

Emergence of resistance among the most important bacterial pathogens is recognized as a major public health threat affecting humans worldwide. Multidrug-resistant organisms have not only emerged in the hospital environment but are now often identified in community settings, suggesting that reservoirs of antibiotic-resistant bacteria are present outside the hospital. The bacterial response to the antibiotic "attack" is the prime example of bacterial adaptation and the pinnacle of evolution. "Survival of the fittest" is a consequence of an immense genetic plasticity of bacterial pathogens that trigger specific responses that result in mutational adaptations, acquisition of genetic material, or alteration of gene expression producing resistance to virtually all antibiotics currently available in clinical practice. Therefore, understanding the biochemical and genetic basis of resistance is of paramount importance to design strategies to curtail the emergence and spread of resistance and to devise innovative therapeutic approaches against multidrug-resistant organisms. In this chapter, we will describe in detail the major mechanisms of antibiotic resistance encountered in clinical practice, providing specific examples in relevant bacterial pathogens.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Rabiya Tabbassum Khan: Role: Role:

Vanshika Sharma: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/2847111/overviewRole:

Sofia Sharief Khan: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/2525651/overviewRole:

Shafaq Rasool: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/2775150/overviewRole: Role: Role:

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Front Microbiol

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Front Microbiol

Journal ID (publisher-id): Front. Microbiol.

Title: Frontiers in Microbiology

Publisher: Frontiers Media S.A.

ISSN (Electronic): 1664-302X

Publication date (Electronic): 03 October 2024

Publication date Collection: 2024

Volume: 15

Electronic Location Identifier: 1455759

Affiliations

Molecular Biology Lab, School of Biotechnology, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University , Katra, India

Author notes

Edited by: Matthew Gavino Donadu, University of Sassari, Italy

Reviewed by: Valerie J. Carabetta, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, United States

Basem Battah, Syrian Private University (SPU), Syria

*Correspondence: Shafaq Rasool, Shafaq.rasool@ 123456smvdu.ac.in

^†ORCID: Rabiya Tabbassum Khan, orcid.org/0000-0002-6132-5859

Article

DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1455759

PMC ID: 11484029

PubMed ID: 39421555

SO-VID: ef66a7e3-2790-405b-a42d-8bec68b4e68b

License:

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

History

Date received : 27 June 2024

Date accepted : 13 September 2024

Page count

Figures: 3, Tables: 4, Equations: 0, References: 194, Pages: 22, Words: 20271

Funding

The author(s) declare that no financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Custom metadata

section-at-acceptance Antimicrobials, Resistance and Chemotherapy

ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology

Keywords: antibiotics,antibiotic resistance,prevention strategies,glass,multidrug resistance,combinational therapy

Data availability:

ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology

Keywords: antibiotics, antibiotic resistance, prevention strategies, glass, multidrug resistance, combinational therapy

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