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      Aspectos clínicos, patogênese e diagnóstico de Trichomonas vaginalis Translated title: Clinical aspects, pathogenesis and diagnostic of Trichomonas vaginalis

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          Abstract

          Trichomonas vaginalis é o agente etiológico da tricomoníase, a doença sexualmente transmissível (DST) não-viral mais comum no mundo. Esse protozoário flagelado atinge o parasitismo com sucesso em um ambiente hostil através dos vários mecanismos pelos quais estabelece sua patogenicidade e também por sua capacidade de evadir a resposta imune do hospedeiro. A infecção apresenta uma ampla variedade de manifestações clínicas, desde quadro assintomático até severa vaginite. A tricomoníase tem sido associada à transmissão do vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV), à doença inflamatória pélvica, ao câncer cervical, à infertilidade, ao parto prematuro e ao baixo peso de bebês nascidos de mães infectadas. A investigação laboratorial é essencial na diagnose dessa patogenia, uma vez que leva ao tratamento apropriado e facilita o controle da propagação da infecção. A prevalência mundial anual da tricomoníase é de 180 milhões de casos, e na Europa é responsável por 41% dos casos de vaginite. A terapia da tricomoníase inclui as mesmas medidas profiláticas destinadas às outras DSTs, como prática de sexo seguro e uso de preservativos. O metronidazol é o medicamento de escolha no tratamento da tricomoníase, entretanto, devido à ineficácia dos tratamentos de dose única e ao iminente surgimento de cepas resistentes, outras alternativas terapêuticas estão sendo investigadas.

          Translated abstract

          Trichomonas vaginalis is the aethiologic agent of trichomoniasis, the sexually transmitted disease (STD) non-viral most common in the world. This flagellate protozoan successfully reaches the parasitism in a hostile environment through some mechanisms which establish its pathogenicity and also through its capacity to evade the host immune response. Trichomoniasis presents a large variety of clinical manifestations, from a totally asymptomatic infection to severe vaginitis. It has been associated to the increase in transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), pelvic inflammatory disease, cervical cancer, infertility, and premature delivery and low birth weight of children born from infected mothers. The laboratorial inquiry is essential in diagnosis of this STD, leads to the appropriate treatment and facilitates the control of the spread of T. vaginalis infection. The annual world prevalence of trichomoniasis is 180 million cases and in Europe it is responsible for 41% of vaginitis cases. The treatment of trichomoniasis includes the same profilatic means devoted to others STDs, such as secure sex practice and preservative use. Metronidazole is the choose for the treatment of trichomoniasis, however, due to the fail in the single dose treatment and the imminent appearance of resistant strains, other therapeutic alternatives are been investigated.

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          Most cited references43

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          Clinical and microbiological aspects of Trichomonas vaginalis.

          Trichomonas vaginalis, a parasitic protozoan, is the etiologic agent of trichomoniasis, a sexually transmitted disease (STD) of worldwide importance. Trichomoniasis is the most common nonviral STD, and it is associated with many perinatal complications, male and female genitourinary tract infections, and an increased incidence of HIV transmission. Diagnosis is difficult, since the symptoms of trichomoniasis mimic those of other STDs and detection methods lack precision. Although current treatment protocols involving nitroimidazoles are curative, metronidazole resistance is on the rise, outlining the need for research into alternative antibiotics. Vaccine development has been limited by a lack of understanding of the role of the host immune response to T. vaginalis infection. The lack of a good animal model has made it difficult to conduct standardized studies in drug and vaccine development and pathogenesis. Current work on pathogenesis has focused on the host-parasite relationship, in particular the initial events required to establish infection. These studies have illustrated that the pathogenesis of T. vaginalis is indeed very complex and involves adhesion, hemolysis, and soluble factors such as cysteine proteinases and cell-detaching factor. T. vaginalis interaction with the members of the resident vaginal flora, an advanced immune evasion strategy, and certain stress responses enable the organism to survive in its changing environment. Clearly, further research and collaboration will help elucidate these pathogenic mechanisms, and with better knowledge will come improved disease control.
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            From epidemiological synergy to public health policy and practice: the contribution of other sexually transmitted diseases to sexual transmission of HIV infection

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              Trichomonas vaginalis, HIV, and African-Americans.

              Trichomonas vaginalis may be emerging as one of the most important cofactors in amplifying HIV transmission, particularly in African-American communities of the United States. In a person co-infected with HIV, the pathology induced by T. vaginalis infection can increase HIV shedding. Trichomonas infection may also act to expand the portal of entry for HIV in an HIV-negative person. Studies from Africa have suggested that T. vaginalis infection may increase the rate of HIV transmission by approximately twofold. Available data indicate that T. vaginalis is highly prevalent among African-Americans in major urban centers of the United States and is often the most common sexually transmitted infection in black women. Even if T. vaginalis increases the risk of HIV transmission by a small amount, this could translate into an important amplifying effect since Trichomonas is so common. Substantial HIV transmission may be attributable to T. vaginalis in African-American communities of the United States.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                jbpml
                Jornal Brasileiro de Patologia e Medicina Laboratorial
                J. Bras. Patol. Med. Lab.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Patologia Clínica (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil )
                1676-2444
                1678-4774
                June 2004
                : 40
                : 3
                : 152-160
                Affiliations
                [01] orgnamePontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul orgdiv1Faculdade de Farmácia orgdiv2Laboratório de Parasitologia Clínica
                [02] orgnameUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
                [03] orgnameUFRGS
                [04] orgnamePUCRS orgdiv1Faculdade de Farmácia orgdiv2Laboratório de Parasitologia Clínica
                Article
                S1676-24442004000300005 S1676-2444(04)04000305
                ef539ef5-8a31-4897-ae0c-52e6b82ebf72

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 21 October 2003
                : 06 May 2003
                : 11 July 2003
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 44, Pages: 9
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Medicina Laboratorial

                Diagnosis,Trichomonas vaginalis,Vaginite,Corrimento vaginal,DST,Diagnóstico,Vaginitis,Vaginal discharge,STD

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