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      Mitochondrial pseudogenes in insect DNA barcoding: differing points of view on the same issue Translated title: Pseudogenes mitocondriais no DNA barcoding em insetos: diferentes pontos de vista sobre a mesma questão

      review-article
      Biota Neotropica
      Instituto Virtual da Biodiversidade | BIOTA - FAPESP
      COI, molecular, NUMTs, COI, molecular, NUMTs

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          Abstract

          Molecular tools have been used in taxonomy for the purpose of identification and classification of living organisms. Among these, a short sequence of the mitochondrial DNA, popularly known as DNA barcoding, has become very popular. However, the usefulness and dependability of DNA barcodes have been recently questioned because mitochondrial pseudogenes, non-functional copies of the mitochondrial DNA incorporated into the nuclear genome, have been found in various taxa. When these paralogous sequences are amplified together with the mitochondrial DNA, they may go unnoticed and end up being analyzed as if they were orthologous sequences. In this contribution the different points of view regarding the implications of mitochondrial pseudogenes for entomology are reviewed and discussed. A discussion of the problem from a historical and conceptual perspective is presented as well as a discussion of strategies to keep these nuclear mtDNA copies out of sequence analyzes.

          Translated abstract

          Ferramentas moleculares têm sido utilizadas para os estudos referentes à identificação e classificação dos organismos vivos. Entre estes, uma curta sequência do DNA mitocondrial, popularmente conhecida como DNA barcoding, tornou-se muito popular. No entanto, a utilidade e confiabilidade dos códigos de barras de DNA têm sido recentemente questionadas porque pseudogenes mitocondriais, cópias não-funcionais do DNA mitocondrial incorporados ao genoma nuclear, foram encontrados em vários táxons. Quando estas sequências parálogas são amplificadas juntamente com o DNA mitocondrial, podem passar despercebidas e acabam sendo analisadas como se fossem seqüências ortólogas. Nesta contribuição objetivou-se revisar e discutir os diferentes pontos de vista sobre as implicações de pseudogenes mitocondriais para entomologia. Discutimos também o problema através de uma perspectiva histórica e conceitual, abordando estratégias para eliminar ou evitar a presença dessas cópias nucleares em meio às sequências funcionais de DNA.

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          Most cited references74

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          bold: The Barcode of Life Data System (http://www.barcodinglife.org)

          The Barcode of Life Data System (bold) is an informatics workbench aiding the acquisition, storage, analysis and publication of DNA barcode records. By assembling molecular, morphological and distributional data, it bridges a traditional bioinformatics chasm. bold is freely available to any researcher with interests in DNA barcoding. By providing specialized services, it aids the assembly of records that meet the standards needed to gain BARCODE designation in the global sequence databases. Because of its web-based delivery and flexible data security model, it is also well positioned to support projects that involve broad research alliances. This paper provides a brief introduction to the key elements of bold, discusses their functional capabilities, and concludes by examining computational resources and future prospects.
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            Barcoding animal life: cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 divergences among closely related species.

            With millions of species and their life-stage transformations, the animal kingdom provides a challenging target for taxonomy. Recent work has suggested that a DNA-based identification system, founded on the mitochondrial gene, cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI), can aid the resolution of this diversity. While past work has validated the ability of COI sequences to diagnose species in certain taxonomic groups, the present study extends these analyses across the animal kingdom. The results indicate that sequence divergences at COI regularly enable the discrimination of closely allied species in all animal phyla except the Cnidaria. This success in species diagnosis reflects both the high rates of sequence change at COI in most animal groups and constraints on intraspecific mitochondrial DNA divergence arising, at least in part, through selective sweeps mediated via interactions with the nuclear genome.
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              DNA barcodes distinguish species of tropical Lepidoptera.

              Although central to much biological research, the identification of species is often difficult. The use of DNA barcodes, short DNA sequences from a standardized region of the genome, has recently been proposed as a tool to facilitate species identification and discovery. However, the effectiveness of DNA barcoding for identifying specimens in species-rich tropical biotas is unknown. Here we show that cytochrome c oxidase I DNA barcodes effectively discriminate among species in three Lepidoptera families from Area de Conservación Guanacaste in northwestern Costa Rica. We found that 97.9% of the 521 species recognized by prior taxonomic work possess distinctive cytochrome c oxidase I barcodes and that the few instances of interspecific sequence overlap involve very similar species. We also found two or more barcode clusters within each of 13 supposedly single species. Covariation between these clusters and morphological and/or ecological traits indicates overlooked species complexes. If these results are general, DNA barcoding will significantly aid species identification and discovery in tropical settings.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                bn
                Biota Neotropica
                Biota Neotrop.
                Instituto Virtual da Biodiversidade | BIOTA - FAPESP (Campinas, , Brazil )
                1676-0611
                September 2012
                : 12
                : 3
                : 301-308
                Affiliations
                [01] Curitiba PR orgnameUniversidade Federal do Paraná orgdiv1Departamento de Zoologia orgdiv2Laboratório de Estudos de Lepidoptera Neotropical Brasil
                Article
                S1676-06032012000300029 S1676-0603(12)01200329
                10.1590/S1676-06032012000300029
                ef502f08-939e-4239-b6a5-6660fa473d60

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 23 August 2012
                : 26 October 2011
                : 19 June 2012
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 74, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Thematic Reviews

                NUMTs,molecular,COI
                NUMTs, molecular, COI

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