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      Crowding and vaccination: Tourist's two-sided perception on crowding and the moderating effect of vaccination status during COVID-19 pandemic

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          Abstract

          Crowding used to be a double-edged sword in the tourism industry. However, the COVID-19 pandemic seems to make the disadvantage of crowding more obvious. Here, we investigated the relationship between vaccination status (including vaccination completeness and willingness), crowding perception, popular perception, destination attractiveness, and loyalty based on the Stimulus-Organism-Response model. Empirical research data were collected through a survey of 535 tourists to Nanjing's Confucian Temple, China, which is known for its tremendous travel volume. The results show that both crowding perception and popular perception significantly affect loyalty, but with opposite signs. Moreover, if tourists have been vaccinated, the positive effect of destination attractiveness on loyalty will intensify, meaning that the rarely investigated variable vaccination status indeed plays a moderating role.

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          A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling

          Jörg Henseler, Christian M. Ringle, Marko Sarstedt (2015)
          Article 0 comments Cited 3969 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error

            Claes Fornell, David Larcker (1981)
            Article 0 comments Cited 3291 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Effectiveness of Covid-19 Vaccines against the B.1.617.2 (Delta) Variant

              Jamie Lopez Bernal, Nick Andrews, Charlotte Gower … (2021)
              Background The B.1.617.2 (delta) variant of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), has contributed to a surge in cases in India and has now been detected across the globe, including a notable increase in cases in the United Kingdom. The effectiveness of the BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccines against this variant has been unclear. Methods We used a test-negative case–control design to estimate the effectiveness of vaccination against symptomatic disease caused by the delta variant or the predominant strain (B.1.1.7, or alpha variant) over the period that the delta variant began circulating. Variants were identified with the use of sequencing and on the basis of the spike ( S ) gene status. Data on all symptomatic sequenced cases of Covid-19 in England were used to estimate the proportion of cases with either variant according to the patients’ vaccination status. Results Effectiveness after one dose of vaccine (BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) was notably lower among persons with the delta variant (30.7%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 25.2 to 35.7) than among those with the alpha variant (48.7%; 95% CI, 45.5 to 51.7); the results were similar for both vaccines. With the BNT162b2 vaccine, the effectiveness of two doses was 93.7% (95% CI, 91.6 to 95.3) among persons with the alpha variant and 88.0% (95% CI, 85.3 to 90.1) among those with the delta variant. With the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine, the effectiveness of two doses was 74.5% (95% CI, 68.4 to 79.4) among persons with the alpha variant and 67.0% (95% CI, 61.3 to 71.8) among those with the delta variant. Conclusions Only modest differences in vaccine effectiveness were noted with the delta variant as compared with the alpha variant after the receipt of two vaccine doses. Absolute differences in vaccine effectiveness were more marked after the receipt of the first dose. This finding would support efforts to maximize vaccine uptake with two doses among vulnerable populations. (Funded by Public Health England.)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Title: Journal of Destination Marketing & Management
                Publisher: Published by Elsevier Ltd.
                ISSN (Print): 2212-571X
                ISSN (Electronic): 2212-571X
                Publication date PMC-release: 21 April 2022
                Publication date (Electronic): 21 April 2022
                Electronic Location Identifier: 100705
                Affiliations
                [1]School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author.
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S2212-571X(22)00017-8 Publisher ID: 100705
                DOI: 10.1016/j.jdmm.2022.100705
                PMC ID: 9021211
                SO-VID: ef354055-0790-4da1-bf0a-c087d0b366e1
                Copyright © © 2022 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                Date received : 20 November 2021
                Date revision received : 21 March 2022
                Date accepted : 10 April 2022
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: crowding,public perception,destination attractiveness,covid-19,vaccine
                Data availability:
                Keywords: crowding, public perception, destination attractiveness, covid-19, vaccine

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