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      The influence of cattle breed on susceptibility to bovine tuberculosis in Ethiopia

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          Abstract

          Bovine tuberculosis in domestic livestock such as cattle is an economically important disease with zoonotic potential, particularly in countries with emerging economies. We discuss the findings of recent epidemiological and immunological studies conducted in Ethiopia on host susceptibility differences between native zebu and the exotic Holstein–Friesian cattle that are increasingly part of the Ethiopian National herd, due to the drive to increase milk yields. These findings support the hypothesis that native Zebu cattle are more resistant to bovine tuberculosis. We also summarise the results of experimental infections that support the epidemiological data, and of laboratory experiments that suggest a role for the innate immune response, and in particular interleukin-6, in the outcome of bovine tuberculosis infection.

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          Bottlenecks and broomsticks: the molecular evolution of Mycobacterium bovis.

          R. Glyn Hewinson, D Clifton, R Rua … (2006)
          Mycobacterium bovis is the cause of tuberculosis in cattle and is a member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. In contrast to many other pathogenic bacterial species, there is little evidence for the transfer and recombination of genes between cells. The clonality of this group of organisms indicates that the population structure is dominated by reductions in diversity, caused either by population bottlenecks or selective sweeps as entire chromosomes become fixed in the population. We describe how these forces have shaped not only the phylogeny of this group but also, at a very local level, the population structure of Mycobacterium bovis in the British Isles. We also discuss the practical implications of applying this knowledge to understanding the spread of infection and the development of improved vaccines and diagnostic tests.
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            Lethal tuberculosis in interleukin-6-deficient mutant mice.

            C Ladel, S Kaufmann, K Reifenberg … (1997)
            Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease which causes major health problems globally. Acquired resistance is mediated by T lymphocytes and executed by activated macrophages. In vitro studies have emphasized the importance of macrophage activation for mycobacterial growth inhibition. In vivo, the protective host response is focused on granulomatous lesions in which Mycobacterium tuberculosis is contained. A cellular immune response of the T helper 1 (Th1) type is considered central for control of tuberculosis. Using interleukin-6 (IL-6)-deficient mice, we here demonstrate a crucial role of this pluripotent cytokine in protection against M. tuberculosis but not against Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Infection with M. tuberculosis was lethal for the IL-6-deficient mice at inocula that were still controlled by IL-6-competent mice. Spleen cells from M. tuberculosis-infected IL-6-/- mouse mutants produced elevated levels of IL-4 and reduced levels of gamma interferon compared to the control levels. Cytofluorometric analyses of spleen cells from M. tuberculosis-infected mice revealed more-profound alterations in T-cell ratios in IL-6-/- mice than in control mice. We assume that IL-6 contributes to host resistance by its proinflammatory activity and by its influence on cytokine secretion.
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              High prevalence and increased severity of pathology of bovine tuberculosis in Holsteins compared to zebu breeds under field cattle husbandry in central Ethiopia.

              R. Glyn Hewinson, Stephen Gordon, Howard Engers … (2007)
              A comparative study on the prevalence and pathology of bovine tuberculosis (TB) was conducted on 5,424 cattle (2,578 zebus, 1,921 crosses, and 925 Holsteins), which were kept on pasture in the central highlands of Ethiopia, using a comparative intradermal tuberculin test, postmortem examination, and bacteriology. The overall prevalence of bovine TB was 13.5%; prevalence was higher in Holsteins than either zebus (22.2% versus 11.6%, chi(2) = 61.8; P < 0.001) or crosses (22.2% versus 11.9%, chi(2) = 50.7; P < 0.001). Moreover, the severity of pathology in Holsteins (mean +/- standard error of the mean [SEM], 6.84 +/- 0.79) was significantly higher (P = 0.018) than the severity of pathology in zebus (5.21 +/- 0.30). In addition, the risk of TB in Holsteins was more than twice (odds ratio [OR] = 2.32; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.89, 2.85) that in zebus. Animals between 5 and 9 years of age were at higher (OR = 2.37; 95% CI = 1.80, 3.12) risk of bovine TB than those 2 years of age or below. A significant difference (chi(2) = 351; P < 0.001) in the occurrence of TB lesions in lymph nodes was recorded; the mesenteric lymph node (mean pathology score +/- SEM, 1.95 +/- 0.08) was most severely affected, followed by the retropharyngeal (0.80 +/- 0.05) and caudal mediastinal (0.8 +/- 0.06) lymph nodes. Fifty-six percent (n = 145) of the animals with gross TB lesions were culture positive; the lowest culture positivity was recorded in the skin lesions (27.3%) and the lesions of the mesenteric lymph node (31.5%). Both the skin test response and the postmortem findings suggested a higher susceptibility to bovine TB in Holsteins than zebus under identical field husbandry conditions (on pasture). In the light of increased numbers of Holstein cattle introduced into this area to raise milk production to satisfy the needs of Addis Ababa's growing population, these findings highlight the need for a control program in these herds.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis
                Title: Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
                Publisher: Elsevier Science Ltd
                ISSN (Print): 0147-9571
                ISSN (Electronic): 1878-1667
                Publication date PMC-release: May 2012
                Publication date (Print): May 2012
                Volume: 35
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 227-232
                Affiliations
                [a ]Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, TB Research Group, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
                [b ]Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
                [c ]International Livestock Research Institute, Biotechnology Department, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
                [d ]CMMI, Department of Medicine, Flowers Building, South Kensington, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, United States
                [f ]Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. Tel.: +44 1932 357 884. martin.vordermeier@ 123456ahvla.gsi.gov.uk
                Article
                Publisher ID: CIMID839
                DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2012.01.003
                PMC ID: 3339321
                PubMed ID: 22304898
                SO-VID: ef2c2e8a-a4a7-4aba-b8d8-6d7e75b69bcd
                Copyright © © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
                License:

                This document may be redistributed and reused, subject to certain conditions.

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                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Keywords: zebu,bovine tuberculosis,innate immune responses,holstein–friesian,susceptibility
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Keywords: zebu, bovine tuberculosis, innate immune responses, holstein–friesian, susceptibility

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