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      Current Status of Optical Imaging for Evaluating Lymph Nodes and Lymphatic System

      review-article
      Author(s): , MD, , MD, MMSc, , MD, PhD
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Korean Journal of Radiology
      Publisher: The Korean Society of Radiology
      Keywords: Optical imaging, Lymphatic imaging, Lymph node imaging

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          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Optical imaging techniques use visual and near infrared rays. Despite their considerably poor penetration depth, they are widely used due to their safe and intuitive properties and potential for intraoperative usage. Optical imaging techniques have been actively investigated for clinical imaging of lymph nodes and lymphatic system. This article summarizes a variety of optical tracers and techniques used for lymph node and lymphatic imaging, and reviews their clinical applications. Emerging new optical imaging techniques and their potential are also described.

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          Technical details of intraoperative lymphatic mapping for early stage melanoma.

          D Morton, D Wen, J Wong … (1992)
          The initial route of metastases in most patients with melanoma is via the lymphatics to the regional nodes. However, routine lymphadenectomy for patients with clinical stage I melanoma remains controversial because most of these patients do not have nodal metastases, are unlikely to benefit from the operation, and may suffer troublesome postoperative edema of the limbs. A new procedure was developed using vital dyes that permits intraoperative identification of the sentinel lymph node, the lymph node nearest the site of the primary melanoma, on the direct drainage pathway. The most likely site of early metastases, the sentinel node can be removed for immediate intraoperative study to identify clinically occult melanoma cells. We successfully identified the sentinel node(s) in 194 of 237 lymphatic basins and detected metastases in 40 specimens (21%) on examination of routine hematoxylin-eosin-stained slides (12%) or exclusively in immunohistochemically stained preparations (9%). Metastases were present in 47 (18%) of 259 sentinel nodes, while nonsentinel nodes were the sole site of metastasis in only two of 3079 nodes from 194 lymphadenectomy specimens that had an identifiable sentinel node, a false-negative rate of less than 1%. Thus, this technique identifies, with a high degree of accuracy, patients with early stage melanoma who have nodal metastases and are likely to benefit from radical lymphadenectomy.
          Article 0 comments Cited 377 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            In vivo molecular and cellular imaging with quantum dots.

            Xiaohu Gao, Lily Yang, John Petros … (2005)
            Quantum dots (QDs), tiny light-emitting particles on the nanometer scale, are emerging as a new class of fluorescent probe for in vivo biomolecular and cellular imaging. In comparison with organic dyes and fluorescent proteins, QDs have unique optical and electronic properties: size-tunable light emission, improved signal brightness, resistance against photobleaching, and simultaneous excitation of multiple fluorescence colors. Recent advances have led to the development of multifunctional nanoparticle probes that are very bright and stable under complex in vivo conditions. A new structural design involves encapsulating luminescent QDs with amphiphilic block copolymers and linking the polymer coating to tumor-targeting ligands and drug delivery functionalities. Polymer-encapsulated QDs are essentially nontoxic to cells and animals, but their long-term in vivo toxicity and degradation need more careful study. Bioconjugated QDs have raised new possibilities for ultrasensitive and multiplexed imaging of molecular targets in living cells, animal models and possibly in humans.
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              Surgical resection and radiolocalization of the sentinel lymph node in breast cancer using a gamma probe.

              D Krag, Jessica D Weaver, J Fairbank … (1993)
              We have recently reported on a technique of gamma probe localization of radiolabelled lymph nodes to identify the sentinel node in malignant melanoma. In order to determine whether this technique is applicable to assist in staging breast cancer, a pilot study was begun to address two questions: (i) can the sentinel lymph node draining a breast cancer be identified for selective resection; and (ii) is the sentinel lymph node predictive of the status of the entire axillary lymph nodes? One to four hours prior to axillary lymph node dissection, 22 consecutive patients had approximately 0.4 mCi of technetium sulfur colloid in 0.5 ml saline injected around the perimeter of the breast lesion. A hand-held gamma counter was used at surgery to locate the lymph node(s) receiving drainage from the breast. A sentinel lymph node was identified in 18 of 22 patients. Of these 18 patients, the sentinel lymph node was positive in seven of seven patients, with pathologically verified metastatic breast cancer to at least one lymph node. In three out of seven patients, the sentinel lymph node was the only lymph node with metastatic cancer. In this pilot study of breast cancer patients, we conclude that: (i) radiolocalization and selective resection of sentinel lymph nodes is possible; and (ii) the sentinel lymph node appears to predict correctly the status of the remaining axilla. These data justify a larger clinical trial to verify the value of this technique.
              Article 0 comments Cited 157 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Korean J Radiol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Korean J Radiol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): KJR
                Title: Korean Journal of Radiology
                Publisher: The Korean Society of Radiology
                ISSN (Print): 1229-6929
                ISSN (Electronic): 2005-8330
                Publication date (Print): Jan-Feb 2015
                Publication date (Electronic): 09 January 2015
                Volume: 16
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 21-31
                Affiliations
                Department of Nuclear Medicine, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang 410-769, Korea.
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Seok-Ki Kim, MD, PhD. Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang 410-769, Korea. Tel: (8231) 920-0164, Fax: (8231) 920-0179, skkim@ 123456ncc.re.kr
                Article
                DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2015.16.1.21
                PMC ID: 4296273
                PubMed ID: 25598672
                SO-VID: ef0d3cd1-8166-4418-a03d-0a6be0d37abb
                Copyright © Copyright © 2015 The Korean Society of Radiology
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 06 April 2014
                Date accepted : 30 July 2014
                Funding
                Funded by: Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning
                Award ID: 2013-037642
                Categories
                Subject: Experimental and Others
                Subject: Review Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Radiology & Imaging
                Keywords: optical imaging,lymphatic imaging,lymph node imaging
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Radiology & Imaging
                Keywords: optical imaging, lymphatic imaging, lymph node imaging

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