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      Sericin based nanoformulations: a comprehensive review on molecular mechanisms of interaction with organisms to biological applications

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          Abstract

          Background

          The advances in products based on nanotechnology have directed extensive research on low-cost, biologically compatible, and easily degradable materials.

          Main body

          Sericin (SER) is a protein mainly composed of glycine, serine, aspartic acid, and threonine amino acids removed from the silkworm cocoon (particularly Bombyx mori and other species). SER is a biocompatible material with economic viability, which can be easily functionalized due to its potential crosslink reactions. Also, SER has inherent biological properties, which makes possible its use as a component of pharmaceutical formulations with several biomedical applications, such as anti-tumor, antimicrobials, antioxidants and as scaffolds for tissue repair as well as participating in molecular mechanisms attributed to the regulation of transcription factors, reduction of inflammatory signaling molecules, stimulation of apoptosis, migration, and proliferation of mesenchymal cells.

          Conclusion

          In this review, the recent innovations on SER-based nano-medicines (nanoparticles, micelles, films, hydrogels, and their hybrid systems) and their contributions for non-conventional therapies are discussed considering different molecular mechanisms for promoting their therapeutic applications.

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          Most cited references109

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          Insight into Cellular Uptake and Intracellular Trafficking of Nanoparticles

          Nanoparticle science is rapidly changing the landscape of various scientific fields and defining new technological platforms. This is perhaps even more evident in the field of nanomedicine whereby nanoparticles have been used as a tool for the treatment and diagnosis of many diseases. However, despite the tremendous benefit conferred, common pitfalls of this technology is its potential short and long-term effects on the human body. To understand these issues, many scientific studies have been carried out. This review attempts to shed light on some of these studies and its outcomes. The topics that were examined in this review include the different possible uptake pathways of nanoparticles and intracellular trafficking routes. Additionally, the effect of physicochemical properties of nanoparticle such as size, shape, charge and surface chemistry in determining the mechanism of uptake and biological function of nanoparticles are also addressed.
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            The Biomedical Use of Silk: Past, Present, Future

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              Different endocytotic uptake mechanisms for nanoparticles in epithelial cells and macrophages

              Summary Precise knowledge regarding cellular uptake of nanoparticles is of great importance for future biomedical applications. Four different endocytotic uptake mechanisms, that is, phagocytosis, macropinocytosis, clathrin- and caveolin-mediated endocytosis, were investigated using a mouse macrophage (J774A.1) and a human alveolar epithelial type II cell line (A549). In order to deduce the involved pathway in nanoparticle uptake, selected inhibitors specific for one of the endocytotic pathways were optimized regarding concentration and incubation time in combination with fluorescently tagged marker proteins. Qualitative immunolocalization showed that J774A.1 cells highly expressed the lipid raft-related protein flotillin-1 and clathrin heavy chain, however, no caveolin-1. A549 cells expressed clathrin heavy chain and caveolin-1, but no flotillin-1 uptake-related proteins. Our data revealed an impeded uptake of 40 nm polystyrene nanoparticles by J774A.1 macrophages when actin polymerization and clathrin-coated pit formation was blocked. From this result, it is suggested that macropinocytosis and phagocytosis, as well as clathrin-mediated endocytosis, play a crucial role. The uptake of 40 nm nanoparticles in alveolar epithelial A549 cells was inhibited after depletion of cholesterol in the plasma membrane (preventing caveolin-mediated endocytosis) and inhibition of clathrin-coated vesicles (preventing clathrin-mediated endocytosis). Our data showed that a combination of several distinguishable endocytotic uptake mechanisms are involved in the uptake of 40 nm polystyrene nanoparticles in both the macrophage and epithelial cell line.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                jkpatra.cet@gmail.com
                Journal
                J Nanobiotechnology
                J Nanobiotechnology
                Journal of Nanobiotechnology
                BioMed Central (London )
                1477-3155
                22 January 2021
                22 January 2021
                2021
                : 19
                : 30
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.255168.d, ISNI 0000 0001 0671 5021, Research Institute of Biotechnology & Medical Converged Science, , Dongguk University-Seoul, ; Goyangsi, 10326 Republic of Korea
                [2 ]GRID grid.255168.d, ISNI 0000 0001 0671 5021, Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, , Dongguk University-Seoul, ; Goyangsi, 10326 Republic of Korea
                [3 ]GRID grid.412368.a, ISNI 0000 0004 0643 8839, Human and Natural Sciences Center, , Federal University of ABC. Av. Dos Estados, ; 5001. Bl. A, T3, Lab. 503-3. Bangú, Santo André, SP Brazil
                [4 ]GRID grid.410543.7, ISNI 0000 0001 2188 478X, Institute of Science and Technology of Sorocaba, , São Paulo State University (UNESP), ; Av. Três de março, 511, Alto da Boa Vista, Sorocaba, São Paulo 18087-180 Brazil
                [5 ]GRID grid.9486.3, ISNI 0000 0001 2159 0001, Departamento de Ingenieria Molecular de Materiales, Centro de Fisica Aplicada y Tecnologia Avanzada, , Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, ; Blvd. Juriquilla 3001, 76230 Queretaro, Qro Mexico
                [6 ]Sustainability of Natural Resources and Energy Programs, Cinvestav-Saltillo, 25900 Coahuila, C.P. Mexico
                [7 ]GRID grid.410543.7, ISNI 0000 0001 2188 478X, Department of Physics and Chemistry, , São Paulo State University (UNESP), ; Avenida Brasil, 56, Centro, Ilha Solteira, SP 15385-000 Brazil
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5676-0768
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9420-7461
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2827-2038
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0284-5782
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4118-4355
                Article
                774
                10.1186/s12951-021-00774-y
                7821414
                eedad15f-64e4-4a79-b6aa-f4aa432102d7
                © The Author(s) 2021

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

                History
                : 16 October 2020
                : 9 January 2021
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003725, National Research Foundation of Korea;
                Award ID: 2020R1G1A1004667
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Review
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2021

                Biotechnology
                sericin,biomaterials,drug delivery,nanoformulation,biomedical,silk protein
                Biotechnology
                sericin, biomaterials, drug delivery, nanoformulation, biomedical, silk protein

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