Prevalence of dental caries in the first permanent molar and associated risk factors among sixth-grade students in São Tomé Island

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Abstract

Background

Dental caries is one of the most preventable oral diseases among children in developing countries. This study aims to estimate the prevalence and severity of dental caries in the first permanent molar and analyze the related risk factors among sixth-grade students in São Tomé Island.

Methods

A cross-sectional study with a stratified cluster sampling method was conducted on 1855 sixth-grade school children, mainly aged 11 to 14 years old, from 10 schools in 6 regions of São Tomé Island, from April 17 to June 27, 2021. Dental caries examination was performed by using the CAST criteria (DMFT) index, and the self-administered questionnaires about family background, oral hygiene, and relevant behaviors were collected. Multivariable logistic regression was used to study risk factors related to dental caries of the first permanent molar, and all data analyses were done using SPSS version 25.

Results

The prevalence of dental caries in the first permanent molar was 68.79%, without significant difference between gender, age, residence, and whether only child or not. The mean Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) index and mean Decayed, Missing, and Filled Surface (DMFS) index were 1.751 ± 1.514 and 3.542 ± 3.941, respectively. The rate of filling teeth was 5.50%, and Pit and Fissure Sealant (PFS) rate was 2.21%. The overall prevalence and DMFT index of dental caries of permanent teeth was 76.01% and 2.753 ± 4.569, respectively. The results of logistic regression analysis indicated that the frequency of candy/chocolate consumption (OR = 1.095) and fair self-assessment of dental health (OR = 1.354) were significantly associated with dental caries ( P < 0.05).

Conclusions

The high prevalence of dental caries in the first permanent molar was a public health issue among sixth-grade school children in São Tomé Island. The prevalence of dental caries, mean DMFT and DMFS scores were higher, while the rate of filling and PFS teeth were lower than the average score of other African countries. Thus, oral health education, implement oral health preaching to school children and their parents is crucial to prevent dental caries.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12903-021-01846-z.

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Most cited references 34

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Effect on caries of restricting sugars intake: systematic review to inform WHO guidelines.

P J Moynihan, S. Kelly (2014)

A systematic review of studies in humans was conducted to update evidence on the association between the amount of sugars intake and dental caries and on the effect of restricting sugars intake to < 10% and < 5% energy (E) on caries to inform the updating of World Health Organization guidelines on sugars consumption. Data sources included MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Database, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang, and South African Department of Health. Eligible studies reported the absolute amount of sugars and dental caries, measured as prevalence, incidence, or severity. The review was conducted and reported in accordance with the PRISMA statement, and the evidence was assessed according to GRADE Working Group guidelines. From 5,990 papers identified, 55 studies were eligible - 3 intervention, 8 cohort, 20 population, and 24 cross-sectional. Data variability limited meta-analysis. Of the studies, 42 out of 50 of those in children and 5 out of 5 in adults reported at least one positive association between sugars and caries. There is evidence of moderate quality showing that caries is lower when free-sugars intake is < 10% E. With the < 5% E cut-off, a significant relationship was observed, but the evidence was judged to be of very low quality. The findings are relevant to minimizing caries risk throughout the life course.

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Global Economic Impact of Dental Diseases.

S Listl, J B Galloway, P. A. Mossey … (2015)

Reporting the economic burden of oral diseases is important to evaluate the societal relevance of preventing and addressing oral diseases. In addition to treatment costs, there are indirect costs to consider, mainly in terms of productivity losses due to absenteeism from work. The purpose of the present study was to estimate the direct and indirect costs of dental diseases worldwide to approximate the global economic impact. Estimation of direct treatment costs was based on a systematic approach. For estimation of indirect costs, an approach suggested by the World Health Organization's Commission on Macroeconomics and Health was employed, which factored in 2010 values of gross domestic product per capita as provided by the International Monetary Fund and oral burden of disease estimates from the 2010 Global Burden of Disease Study. Direct treatment costs due to dental diseases worldwide were estimated at US$298 billion yearly, corresponding to an average of 4.6% of global health expenditure. Indirect costs due to dental diseases worldwide amounted to US$144 billion yearly, corresponding to economic losses within the range of the 10 most frequent global causes of death. Within the limitations of currently available data sources and methodologies, these findings suggest that the global economic impact of dental diseases amounted to US$442 billion in 2010. Improvements in population oral health may imply substantial economic benefits not only in terms of reduced treatment costs but also because of fewer productivity losses in the labor market.

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The global burden of oral diseases and risks to oral health.

Poul Erik Petersen, Denis Bourgeois, Hiroshi Ogawa … (2005)

This paper outlines the burden of oral diseases worldwide and describes the influence of major sociobehavioural risk factors in oral health. Despite great improvements in the oral health of populations in several countries, global problems still persist. The burden of oral disease is particularly high for the disadvantaged and poor population groups in both developing and developed countries. Oral diseases such as dental caries, periodontal disease, tooth loss, oral mucosal lesions and oropharyngeal cancers, human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS)-related oral disease and orodental trauma are major public health problems worldwide and poor oral health has a profound effect on general health and quality of life. The diversity in oral disease patterns and development trends across countries and regions reflects distinct risk profiles and the establishment of preventive oral health care programmes. The important role of sociobehavioural and environmental factors in oral health and disease has been shown in a large number of socioepidemiological surveys. In addition to poor living conditions, the major risk factors relate to unhealthy lifestyles (i.e. poor diet, nutrition and oral hygiene and use of tobacco and alcohol), and limited availability and accessibility of oral health services. Several oral diseases are linked to noncommunicable chronic diseases primarily because of common risk factors. Moreover, general diseases often have oral manifestations (e.g. diabetes or HIV/AIDS). Worldwide strengthening of public health programmes through the implementation of effective measures for the prevention of oral disease and promotion of oral health is urgently needed. The challenges of improving oral health are particularly great in developing countries.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Zhen You:

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9792-7747

youzhen@wchscu.cn

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMC Oral Health

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): BMC Oral Health

Title: BMC Oral Health

Publisher: BioMed Central (London )

ISSN (Electronic): 1472-6831

Publication date (Electronic): 28 September 2021

Publication date PMC-release: 28 September 2021

Publication date Collection: 2021

Volume: 21

Electronic Location Identifier: 483

Affiliations

[1 ]GRID grid.13291.38, ISNI 0000 0001 0807 1581, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, , Sichuan University, ; Chengdu, 610041 China

[2 ]GRID grid.13291.38, ISNI 0000 0001 0807 1581, Department of Biliary Surgery, West China Hospital, , Sichuan University, ; Chengdu, 610041 China

[3 ]GRID grid.13291.38, ISNI 0000 0001 0807 1581, Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, , Sichuan University, ; Chengdu, 610041 China

[4 ]GRID grid.13291.38, ISNI 0000 0001 0807 1581, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, , Sichuan University, ; Chengdu, 610041 China

[5 ]GRID grid.414880.1, Department of Cardiology, , The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, ; Chengdu, 610041 China

[6 ]Department of Rehabilitation, Hospital of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine of Panzhihua, Panzhihua, 617000 China

[7 ]Ministry of Education, Água Grand, São Tomé and Príncipe

[8 ]Ministry of Health, Água Grand, São Tomé and Príncipe

Author information

Zhen You http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9792-7747

Article

Publisher ID: 1846

DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01846-z

PMC ID: 8479893

PubMed ID: 34583665

SO-VID: ee4d433a-d711-424e-afe9-4404d953d5bd

License:

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

History

Date received : 23 August 2021

Date accepted : 22 September 2021

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Dentistry

Keywords: dental caries,oral hygiene,dental health for children,são tomé and príncipe

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Dentistry

Keywords: dental caries, oral hygiene, dental health for children, são tomé and príncipe

Prevalence of dental caries in the first permanent molar and associated risk factors among sixth-grade students in São Tomé Island

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Abstract

Background

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Supplementary Information

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Arab Journal of Forensic Sciences & Forensic Medicine (AJFSFM)

Most cited references 34

Effect on caries of restricting sugars intake: systematic review to inform WHO guidelines.

Global Economic Impact of Dental Diseases.

The global burden of oral diseases and risks to oral health.

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