Recent Advances and Emerging Innovations in Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumor (TURBT) for Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: A Comprehensive Review of Current Literature

Abstract

Bladder cancer management, particularly non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), has evolved significantly due to advancements in imaging techniques and surgical methodologies. Enhanced tumor visualization methods, including Photodynamic Diagnosis (PDD) and Narrow-Band Imaging (NBI), offer improved detection rates for both papillary tumors and carcinoma in situ (CIS), compared to traditional white-light cystoscopy (WLC). Recent studies suggest that these technologies enhance diagnostic accuracy, reduce recurrence rates, and improve oncological outcomes. Additionally, transurethral resection of bladder tumors (TURBT), performed with advanced imaging, has demonstrated better resection quality, particularly in terms of detrusor muscle presence. Despite these innovations, challenges remain in the long-term impact on recurrence-free and progression-free survival. Artificial intelligence (AI) integration into cystoscopic imaging further promises enhanced diagnostic precision and cost-effective bladder cancer management. As personalized treatment paradigms emerge, predictive biomarkers, including genomic and pathological markers, may help stratify patients for aggressive treatment, sparing those at lower risk from unnecessary interventions. Future research should focus on validating these AI models and combining them with enhanced imaging modalities to refine treatment protocols further. These advancements collectively represent a significant leap toward precision medicine in bladder cancer care.