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      Phenological growth stages of soursop trees (Annona muricata L.) based on the extended BBCH-scale Translated title: Estadios fenológicos de crecimiento de árboles de guanábana (Annona muricata L.) utilizando la escala BBCH extendida

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          Abstract

          Abstract The soursop is a species of tropical fruit well accepted by consumers due to its creamy white pulp and excellent flavor. Currently, Mexico is the largest producer and consumer; however, the agronomic practices in use were established without a systematic knowledge of A. muricata L. phenology. The objective of this work then, was to conduct such a study in two of the main producing regions of Mexico: Tepic and Compostela (both in the state of Nayarit). For this, a total of 20 ungrafted trees were selected and their growth stages described using the extended BBCH-scale (Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und Chemische Industrie). Overall, eight main phenological stages were identified over the course of a year. These were: the development of buds (stage 0), leaves (stage 1), and shoots (stage 3), the emergence of flowers (stage 5), flowering (stage 6), fruit development and maturity (stages 7-8), and senescence of branches (stage 9). In addition, 37 secondary growth stages were also described and quantified. The highest number of vegetative shoots occurred from March-July, 2017 and the biggest increase in floral structures from July-September, 2017. Fruit setting to physiological maturity took an average of 114 days in both Tepic and Compostela, with the most intense defoliation occurring in October, 2017 in the former (Tepic) and in December, 2016 in the latter (Compostela). Hopefully, improved agronomic practices will be established using this information, as well as suitable protocols for future physiological studies.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen La guanábana (Annona muricata L.) es una especie frutal tropical aceptada ampliamente por los consumidores debido a su pulpa cremosa y su sabor. Actualmente, México es el mayor productor y consumidor; sin embargo, las prácticas agronómicas actuales fueron establecidas sin un conocimiento sistemático de la fenología de este frutal. El objetivo de este trabajo fue realizar una descripción fenológica de árboles de guanábana en dos regiones productoras de México: Tepic y Compostela (Nayarit). Para ello, se seleccionaron 20 árboles no injertados y se describieron sus estadios de crecimiento utilizando la escala BBCH extendida (Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und Chemische Industrie). Se identificaron ocho estadios fenológicos a lo largo de un año: desarrollo de yemas (estadio 0), hojas (estadio 1) y brotes (estadio 3), aparición de flores (estadio 5), floración (estadio 6), desarrollo y madurez de frutos (estadios 7-8) y senescencia de ramas (estadio 9). Además, se describieron y cuantificaron 37 etapas de crecimiento secundario. La mayor cantidad de brotes vegetativos se presentó entre marzo y julio de 2017, y el mayor incremento en estructuras florales, entre julio y septiembre del mismo año. Entre el amarre y la madurez fisiológica de los frutos transcurrieron 114 días en promedio, tanto en Tepic como en Compostela. La defoliación más intensa ocurrió en octubre de 2017 en Tepic y en diciembre de 2016 en Compostela. La información presentada en este trabajo se puede emplear para mejorar las prácticas agronómicas, así como en la realización de futuros estudios fisiológicos.

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          Chemical constituents and antioxidant activity of sweet cherry at different ripening stages.

          The development and ripening process of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L. cv. 4-70) on the tree was evaluated. For this purpose, 14 different stages were selected in accordance with homogeneous size and color. Some parameters related to fruit quality, such as color, texture, sugars, organic acids, total antioxidant activity, total phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, and ascorbic acid were analyzed. The results revealed that in sweet cherry, the changes in skin color, glucose and fructose accumulation, and softening process are initiated at early developmental stages, coinciding with the fast increase in fruit size. Also, the decrease in color parameter a was correlated with the greatest accumulation of total anthocyanins. Ascorbic acid, total antioxidant activity (TAA), and total phenolic compounds decreased during the early stages of sweet cherry development but exponentially increased from stage 8, which coincided with the anthocyanin accumulation and fruit darkening. TAA showed positive correlations (r(2) = 0.99) with both ascorbic acid and total phenolic compounds and also with the anthocyanin concentration from stage 8. Taking into account the reduced shelf life of sweet cherry and to ensure that these fruits reach consumers with the maximum organoleptic, nutritional, and functional properties, it is advisable to harvest sweet cherries at stage 12 of ripening.
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            The BBCH system to coding the phenological growth stages of plants – history and publications –

            The growth stages of development of many cultivated plants have been described by numerous scientists according to the principles of the extended BBCH scale within the last 19 years. The BBCH scales are now well- known worldwide and are used by research, administration and practise in agriculture and horticulture, as in the phenology as an integrative science in environment, meteorology and climatology. This fact indicates that the basic objectives and hope have been reached, justifying the practical approach taken by the authors of this scale. The BBCH scale is a contribution to improve the communication between different groups of scientists and to allow the interchange of data and scientific results in a transparent way. The BBCH scales have turned out helpful and practical. The aim to cause the harmonisation in the application of decimal codes for the description of the phenological growth stages of plants and weeds was reached. They also fulfilled the hope of the initiators to contribute with it to the improvement of the international agrarian-scientific and interdisciplinary communication. This paper will describe the history and background of the BBCH scales. The original publications are described and explained with reference of the original literature sources. The paper will describe the different area of use of the scales and list the different scientific disciplines using them. The worldwide success of the BBCH scales is the work of many scientists around the globe. Journal of Cultivated Plants, Vol. 61 No. 2 (2009)
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              Phenological growth stages of the cherimoya tree (Annona cherimola Mill.)

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rcsh
                Revista Chapingo. Serie horticultura
                Rev. Chapingo Ser.Hortic
                Universidad Autónoma Chapingo (Chapingo, Estado de México, Mexico )
                1027-152X
                2007-4034
                April 2023
                : 29
                : 1
                : 5-18
                Affiliations
                [4] Celaya orgnameUniversidad de Guanajuato Mexico
                [3] Huehuetán orgnameUniversidad Autónoma de Chiapas Mexico
                [1] Cuernavaca Morelos orgnameUniversidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos Mexico
                [2] Tepic orgnameUniversidad Autónoma de Nayarit Mexico
                Article
                S1027-152X2023000100005 S1027-152X(23)02900100005
                10.5154/r.rchsh.2022.03.006
                edc911ff-8ae5-46c7-b0db-cfa0c071d9db

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 12 August 2022
                : 03 March 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 27, Pages: 14
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                Scientific articles

                phenology,climatic conditions,temperature,relative humidity,fenología,condiciones climáticas,temperatura,humedad relativa

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