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      Chloroplast in Plant-Virus Interaction

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          Abstract

          In plants, the chloroplast is the organelle that conducts photosynthesis. It has been known that chloroplast is involved in virus infection of plants for approximate 70 years. Recently, the subject of chloroplast-virus interplay is getting more and more attention. In this article we discuss the different aspects of chloroplast-virus interaction into three sections: the effect of virus infection on the structure and function of chloroplast, the role of chloroplast in virus infection cycle, and the function of chloroplast in host defense against viruses. In particular, we focus on the characterization of chloroplast protein-viral protein interactions that underlie the interplay between chloroplast and virus. It can be summarized that chloroplast is a common target of plant viruses for viral pathogenesis or propagation; and conversely, chloroplast and its components also can play active roles in plant defense against viruses. Chloroplast photosynthesis-related genes/proteins (CPRGs/CPRPs) are suggested to play a central role during the complex chloroplast-virus interaction.

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          JAZ repressor proteins are targets of the SCF(COI1) complex during jasmonate signalling.

          Bryan C. Thines, Leron Katsir, Maeli Melotto … (2007)
          Jasmonate and related signalling compounds have a crucial role in both host immunity and development in plants, but the molecular details of the signalling mechanism are poorly understood. Here we identify members of the jasmonate ZIM-domain (JAZ) protein family as key regulators of jasmonate signalling. JAZ1 protein acts to repress transcription of jasmonate-responsive genes. Jasmonate treatment causes JAZ1 degradation and this degradation is dependent on activities of the SCF(COI1) ubiquitin ligase and the 26S proteasome. Furthermore, the jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile) conjugate, but not other jasmonate-derivatives such as jasmonate, 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid, or methyl-jasmonate, promotes physical interaction between COI1 and JAZ1 proteins in the absence of other plant proteins. Our results suggest a model in which jasmonate ligands promote the binding of the SCF(COI1) ubiquitin ligase to and subsequent degradation of the JAZ1 repressor protein, and implicate the SCF(COI1)-JAZ1 protein complex as a site of perception of the plant hormone JA-Ile.
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            Isochorismate synthase is required to synthesize salicylic acid for plant defence.

            M. Wildermuth, J Dewdney, G. Wu … (2001)
            Salicylic acid (SA) mediates plant defences against pathogens, accumulating in both infected and distal leaves in response to pathogen attack. Pathogenesis-related gene expression and the synthesis of defensive compounds associated with both local and systemic acquired resistance (LAR and SAR) in plants require SA. In Arabidopsis, exogenous application of SA suffices to establish SAR, resulting in enhanced resistance to a variety of pathogens. However, despite its importance in plant defence against pathogens, SA biosynthesis is not well defined. Previous work has suggested that plants synthesize SA from phenylalanine; however, SA could still be produced when this pathway was inhibited, and the specific activity of radiolabelled SA in feeding experiments was often lower than expected. Some bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa synthesize SA using isochorismate synthase (ICS) and pyruvate lyase. Here we show, by cloning and characterizing an Arabidopsis defence-related gene (SID2) defined by mutation, that SA is synthesized from chorismate by means of ICS, and that SA made by this pathway is required for LAR and SAR responses.
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              Jasmonates: an update on biosynthesis, signal transduction and action in plant stress response, growth and development.

              C Wasternack (2007)
              Jasmonates are ubiquitously occurring lipid-derived compounds with signal functions in plant responses to abiotic and biotic stresses, as well as in plant growth and development. Jasmonic acid and its various metabolites are members of the oxylipin family. Many of them alter gene expression positively or negatively in a regulatory network with synergistic and antagonistic effects in relation to other plant hormones such as salicylate, auxin, ethylene and abscisic acid. This review summarizes biosynthesis and signal transduction of jasmonates with emphasis on new findings in relation to enzymes, their crystal structure, new compounds detected in the oxylipin and jasmonate families, and newly found functions. Crystal structure of enzymes in jasmonate biosynthesis, increasing number of jasmonate metabolites and newly identified components of the jasmonate signal-transduction pathway, including specifically acting transcription factors, have led to new insights into jasmonate action, but its receptor(s) is/are still missing, in contrast to all other plant hormones.
              Article 0 comments Cited 487 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Front Microbiol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Front Microbiol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Front. Microbiol.
                Title: Frontiers in Microbiology
                Publisher: Frontiers Media S.A.
                ISSN (Electronic): 1664-302X
                Publication date (Electronic): 04 October 2016
                Publication date Collection: 2016
                Volume: 7
                Electronic Location Identifier: 1565
                Affiliations
                [1] 1MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University Beijing, China
                [2] 2State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Hangzhou, China
                [3] 3Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou, China
                Author notes

                Edited by: Nobuhiro Suzuki, Okayama University, Japan

                Reviewed by: Hideki Takahashi, Tohoku University, Japan; Ricardo Flores, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain; Hanako Shimura, Hokkaido University, Japan

                *Correspondence: Yule Liu yuleliu@ 123456mail.tsinghua.edu.cn

                This article was submitted to Virology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Microbiology

                Article
                DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01565
                PMC ID: 5047884
                PubMed ID: 27757106
                SO-VID: edac2374-3ce9-4fec-8725-2fdb3c3d85b8
                Copyright © Copyright © 2016 Zhao, Zhang, Hong and Liu.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                Date received : 15 July 2016
                Date accepted : 20 September 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 2, Equations: 0, References: 240, Pages: 20, Words: 16366
                Funding
                Funded by: National Natural Science Foundation of China 10.13039/501100001809
                Award ID: 31530059
                Award ID: 31470254
                Award ID: 31300134
                Award ID: 31270182
                Award ID: 31370180
                Funded by: China Postdoctoral Science Foundation 10.13039/501100002858
                Award ID: 2014M550049
                Categories
                Subject: Microbiology
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Keywords: chloroplast,plant virus,protein interaction,virus infection,plant defense
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Keywords: chloroplast, plant virus, protein interaction, virus infection, plant defense

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