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      Mecanismos de Variación Antigénica en Anaplasma marginale Translated title: Mechanisms of Antigenic Variation in Anaplasma marginale

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          Abstract

          Anaplasma marginale (A. marginale), es una bacteria del orden de las Rickettsias que ocasiona la anaplasmosis bovina en regiones tropicales y subtropicales del mundo. Esta enfermedad, trasmitida principalmente por tábanos y garrapatas, se desarrolla típicamente en una etapa inicial aguda con manifestaciones clínicas caracterizadas principalmente por anemia y fiebre. Después de un par de meses, los animales recuperan su condición física y se hacen asintomáticos, siendo incapaces de eliminar completamente la bacteria, convirtiéndose en animales persistentemente infectados. Esto se debe a la capacidad de A. marginale para evadir el sistema inmune. En este sentido, se ha demostrado la existencia de un mecanismo de variación antigénica en las proteínas MSP1, MSP2 y MSP3 de la bacteria. Al evaluar la familia multigénica que codifica para la MSP2, se determinó que está conformada por dos regiones conservadas que flanquean una región central hipervariable. De esta manera, al expresarse cada una de las 52 variables de la MSP2, se expresa un epítope diferente. Cuando se describió el genoma completo de este hemotrópico, se encontró también la presencia de 16 pseudogenes msp2, los cuales pueden ser recombinados dentro del sitio de expresión del operón de la MSP2, constituyendo un segundo mecanismo de variación. Además de ello, los fragmentos hipervaribles y los pseudogenes se pueden combinar entre sí, en un proceso denominado conversión génica, creando nuevos epítopes “recombinantes”, confiriendo una capacidad de variabilidad antigénica casi infinita al A. marginale (tercer mecanismo). Un cuarto mecanismo de variación antigénica, lo constituye la dimerización de la MSP2 sobre la superficie del A. marginale, debido a que la expresión simultánea de variantes conforman epítopes únicos. En conclusión, la recombinación génica de la MSP2 y su dimerización en la membrana, constituye un mecanismo muy eficiente de variación antigénica para eludir el sistema inmunológico del hospedador.

          Translated abstract

          Anaplasma marginale (A. marginale) is a bacterium of the Rickettsiales order that causes bovine anaplasmosis in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. This disease, mainly transmitted by ticks and horseflies, typically develops in an initial acute stage, with clinical signs characterized by anemia and fever. After two months, animals recover their original physical condition and become asymptomatic, being unable to completely eliminate the bacterium, turning into persistently infected animals. This is due to the ability of A.marginale to evade the immune system. In this regard, the existence of a mechanism for antigenic variation in proteins of the bacterium, such as MSP1, MSP2, and MSP3, has been demonstrated. When assessing the multigenic family which encodes for MSP2, it was determined that it consists of two conserved regions flanking a central hypervariable region. Thus, when expressing each of the 52 MSP2 variables, a different epitope is also expressed. When the entire genome of this parasite was decoded, the presence of 16 pseudogenes for MSP2 was also discovered. These pseudogenes can be recombined within the operon expression site of MSP2, providing a second mechanism of variation. Moreover, both the hypervariable fragments and pseudogenes can combine among them, in a process called gene conversion, creating new “recombinant” epitopes, conferring the A. marginale with an almost infinite capacity for antigenic variability (third mechanism). A fourth mechanism of antigentic variation consists of the dimerization of MSP2 on the surface of A. marginale, because the simultaneous expression of variants creates unique epitopes. In conclusion, gene recombination of MSP2 along with the dimerization of MSP2 on the membrane provides a very efficient mechanism for antigenic variation for evading the host’s immune system.

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          Most cited references54

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          Antigens and alternatives for control of Anaplasma marginale infection in cattle.

          Anaplasmosis, a tick-borne cattle disease caused by the rickettsia Anaplasma marginale, is endemic in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. The disease causes considerable economic loss to both the dairy and beef industries worldwide. Analyses of 16S rRNA, groESL, and surface proteins have resulted in the recent reclassification of the order Rickettsiales. The genus Anaplasma, of which A. marginale is the type species, now also includes A. bovis, A. platys, and A. phagocytophilum, which were previously known as Ehrlichia bovis, E. platys, and the E. phagocytophila group (which causes human granulocytic ehrlichiosis), respectively. Live and killed vaccines have been used for control of anaplasmosis, and both types of vaccines have advantages and disadvantages. These vaccines have been effective in preventing clinical anaplasmosis in cattle but have not blocked A. marginale infection. Thus, persistently infected cattle serve as a reservoir of infective blood for both mechanical transmission and infection of ticks. Advances in biochemical, immunologic, and molecular technologies during the last decade have been applied to research of A. marginale and related organisms. The recent development of a cell culture system for A. marginale provides a potential source of antigen for the development of improved killed and live vaccines, and the availability of cell culture-derived antigen would eliminate the use of cattle in vaccine production. Increased knowledge of A. marginale antigen repertoires and an improved understanding of bovine cellular and humoral immune responses to A. marginale, combined with the new technologies, should contribute to the development of more effective vaccines for control and prevention of anaplasmosis.
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            Antibody against an Anaplasma marginale MSP5 epitope common to tick and erythrocyte stages identifies persistently infected cattle.

            A protein epitope of major surface protein 5 (MSP5), defined by monoclonal antibody (MAb) ANAF16C1, is conserved among Anaplasma species (E. S. Visser, T. C. McGuire, G. H. Palmer, W. C. Davis, V. Shkap, E. Pipano, and D. P. Knowles, Jr., Infect. Immun. 60:5139-5144, 1992) and is expressed in the salivary glands of infected ticks. A competitive inhibition ELISA (cELISA) for the detection of bovine anti-MSP5 antibodies was developed by using purified recombinant MSP5 fusion protein and MAb ANAF16C1. The specificity of the recombinant-MSP5 cELISA within North America was established by using 261 serum samples from cattle in the regions of Hawaii and Northern Ontario where anaplasmosis is not endemic and from cattle proven by splenectomy or subinoculation of whole blood into susceptible splenectomized recipients to be uninfected. The maximum percent inhibition by these sera was 18%. Sera known to be positive were obtained from 35 cattle either experimentally inoculated with infected erythrocytes or exposed to infected Dermacentor andersoni ticks. Thirty-four of the 35 serum samples inhibited MAb ANAF16C1 binding by > or = 25%. During acute infection, the MSP5 cELISA detected antibodies prior to or concomitantly with the appearance of rickettsiae in erythrocytes. Antibodies were detectable in sera from persistently infected cattle inoculated as long as 6 years previously.
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              Cyclic rickettsemia during persistent Anaplasma marginale infection of cattle.

              Submicroscopic levels of Anaplasma marginale rickettsemia in persistently infected cattle were determined by using nucleic acid hybridization. Within individuals, the rickettsemia levels steadily increased from less than 10(4) infected erythrocytes per ml to a peak of more than 10(6) infected erythrocytes per ml and then rapidly declined. This logarithmic variation parallels the variation of the rickettsemia level seen in acute infection and suggests that cyclic emergence of antigenic variants is a mechanism of rickettsial persistence.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rfcv
                Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias
                Rev. Fac. Cienc. Vet.
                Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Universidad Central de Venezuela. (Maracay )
                0258-6576
                December 2014
                : 55
                : 2
                : 112-123
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidad Nacional Experimental Simón Rodríguez-IDECYT Venezuela
                [2 ] Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE Ecuador
                Article
                S0258-65762014000200007
                ed7917f8-199e-4905-bde0-2d4bfb1190d2

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Venezuela

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.org.ve/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0258-6576&lng=en
                Categories
                AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE
                VETERINARY SCIENCES

                Animal agriculture,General veterinary medicine
                Anaplasma marginale,disease transmission,pseudogenes,gene conversion,cattle,immune system,morbidity,transmisión de enfermedades,conversión génica,ganado bovino,sistema inmunitario,morbosidad

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