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      Maternal and newborn health indicators in Papua New Guinea – 2008–2018

      review-article
      a , b , c , d , e
      Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters
      Taylor & Francis
      maternal and neonatal health, newborns, postpartum, prenatal, antenatal

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          Abstract

          Papua New Guinea (PNG) is the most populous country in the Pacific with more than 9 million people. Difficult terrain, poor roads and limited infrastructure mean providing effective health care – especially in rural areas, where most people live – is challenging. Women and newborns in PNG experience high rates of preventable morbidity and mortality; however, reliable data are often limited or unavailable. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of research on key maternal and neonatal health (MNH) indicators conducted approximately over the past 11 years in PNG comparing research findings to global MNH estimates of the indicators. There was considerable variation in mortality indicators (maternal mortality ratio, neonatal mortality rate and stillbirth) reported across studies in PNG. Mortality was generally higher in rural areas. Rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in pregnancy were consistently high, while anaemia in pregnancy, preterm birth and low birth weight varied widely between studies and settings. Breastfeeding seems to have been under-researched. There was a lack of data available on other indicators such as the adolescent birth rate, postnatal care provided to women and newborns, intermittent preventative treatment to prevent malaria in pregnancy and treatment to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Studies demonstrate the high burden of preventable maternal and newborn morbidity and mortality across PNG. Efforts to improve MNH outcomes need to be escalated.

          Résumé

          La Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée (PNG) est le pays le plus peuplé du Pacifique, avec plus de 9 millions d’habitants. La géographie accidentée, le mauvais état des routes et les infrastructures limitées rendent difficile d’y prodiguer des soins de santé efficaces, particulièrement dans les zones rurales où vit la plupart de la population. Les femmes et les nouveau-nés en PNG connaissent des taux élevés de morbidité et de mortalité évitables, néanmoins les données fiables sont souvent limitées ou indisponibles. Le but de cet article est de donner un aperçu des recherches sur les indicateurs clés de santé maternelle et néonatale (SMN) réalisées approximativement au cours des 11 dernières années en PNG et qui comparent les conclusions de la recherche avec les estimations mondiales de santé maternelle et néonatale des indicateurs. On a observé des variations considérables dans les indicateurs sur la mortalité (taux de mortalité maternelle, taux de mortalité néonatale et mortinaissance) déclarés dans les études en PNG. La mortalité était en général plus élevée dans les zones rurales. Les taux d’infections sexuellement transmissibles (IST) pendant la grossesse étaient uniformément élevés, alors que l’anémie pendant la grossesse, les naissances avant terme et l’insuffisance pondérale à la naissance variaient largement entre études et lieux. L’allaitement maternel semble avoir fait l’objet de trop rares recherches. On manquait de données disponibles sur d’autres indicateurs tels que le taux de natalité chez les adolescentes, les soins postnatals prodigués aux femmes et aux nouveau-nés, le traitement préventif intermittent du paludisme chez la femme enceinte et le traitement pour prévenir la transmission mère-enfant du VIH. Les études démontrent la lourde charge de morbidité et de mortalité maternelles et néonatales dans l’ensemble du pays. Il faut redoubler d’efforts pour améliorer les résultats de santé maternelle et néonatale.

          Resumen

          Papúa Nueva Guinea (PNG) es el país más poblado del Pacífico, con más de 9 millones de habitantes. Terreno difícil, carreteras en mal estado e infraestructura limitada dificultan proporcionar servicios de salud eficaces, especialmente en zonas rurales, donde vive la mayoría de la población. Las mujeres y recién nacidos de PNG sufren altas tasas de morbilidad y mortalidad evitables; sin embargo, datos fidedignos a menudo no están disponibles o son limitados. El objetivo de este artículo es proporcionar una visión general de las investigaciones sobre los indicadores clave de salud materna y neonatal (SMN) realizadas en los últimos 11 años en PNG, y comparar los hallazgos de las investigaciones con las estimaciones mundiales de los indicadores de SMN. Se observó considerable variación entre los indicadores de mortalidad (razón de mortalidad materna, tasa de mortalidad neonatal y mortinatalidad) reportados en los estudios realizados en PNG. Por lo general, las zonas rurales tuvieron mayor tasa de mortalidad. Las tasas de infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS) durante el embarazo fueron más elevadas en todos los estudios, mientras que las tasas de anemia durante el embarazo, parto prematuro y bajo peso al nacer variaron en gran medida entre estudios y entornos. Al parecer, se investigó poco la lactancia. Hubo escasez de datos sobre otros indicadores, tales como la tasa de partos en adolescentes, atención posnatal brindada a mujeres y recién nacidos, tratamiento preventivo intermitente para prevenir la malaria durante el embarazo y tratamiento para prevenir la transmisión del VIH de la madre al niño. Los estudios demuestran la considerable carga que representa la morbimortalidad materna y neonatal evitable en PNG. Es imperativo escalar los esfuerzos por mejorar los resultados de SMN.

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          Beyond too little, too late and too much, too soon: a pathway towards evidence-based, respectful maternity care worldwide.

          On the continuum of maternal health care, two extreme situations exist: too little, too late (TLTL) and too much, too soon (TMTS). TLTL describes care with inadequate resources, below evidence-based standards, or care withheld or unavailable until too late to help. TLTL is an underlying problem associated with high maternal mortality and morbidity. TMTS describes the routine over-medicalisation of normal pregnancy and birth. TMTS includes unnecessary use of non-evidence-based interventions, as well as use of interventions that can be life saving when used appropriately, but harmful when applied routinely or overused. As facility births increase, so does the recognition that TMTS causes harm and increases health costs, and often concentrates disrespect and abuse. Although TMTS is typically ascribed to high-income countries and TLTL to low-income and middle-income ones, social and health inequities mean these extremes coexist in many countries. A global approach to quality and equitable maternal health, supporting the implementation of respectful, evidence-based care for all, is urgently needed. We present a systematic review of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for routine antenatal, intrapartum, and postnatal care, categorising them as recommended, recommended only for clinical indications, and not recommended. We also present prevalence data from middle-income countries for specific clinical practices, which demonstrate TLTL and increasing TMTS. Health-care providers and health systems need to ensure that all women receive high-quality, evidence-based, equitable and respectful care. The right amount of care needs to be offered at the right time, and delivered in a manner that respects, protects, and promotes human rights.
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            Stillbirths: rates, risk factors, and acceleration towards 2030

            An estimated 2.6 million third trimester stillbirths occurred in 2015 (uncertainty range 2.4-3.0 million). The number of stillbirths has reduced more slowly than has maternal mortality or mortality in children younger than 5 years, which were explicitly targeted in the Millennium Development Goals. The Every Newborn Action Plan has the target of 12 or fewer stillbirths per 1000 births in every country by 2030. 94 mainly high-income countries and upper middle-income countries have already met this target, although with noticeable disparities. At least 56 countries, particularly in Africa and in areas affected by conflict, will have to more than double present progress to reach this target. Most (98%) stillbirths are in low-income and middle-income countries. Improved care at birth is essential to prevent 1.3 million (uncertainty range 1.2-1.6 million) intrapartum stillbirths, end preventable maternal and neonatal deaths, and improve child development. Estimates for stillbirth causation are impeded by various classification systems, but for 18 countries with reliable data, congenital abnormalities account for a median of only 7.4% of stillbirths. Many disorders associated with stillbirths are potentially modifiable and often coexist, such as maternal infections (population attributable fraction: malaria 8.0% and syphilis 7.7%), non-communicable diseases, nutrition and lifestyle factors (each about 10%), and maternal age older than 35 years (6.7%). Prolonged pregnancies contribute to 14.0% of stillbirths. Causal pathways for stillbirth frequently involve impaired placental function, either with fetal growth restriction or preterm labour, or both. Two-thirds of newborns have their births registered. However, less than 5% of neonatal deaths and even fewer stillbirths have death registration. Records and registrations of all births, stillbirths, neonatal, and maternal deaths in a health facility would substantially increase data availability. Improved data alone will not save lives but provide a way to target interventions to reach more than 7000 women every day worldwide who experience the reality of stillbirth.
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              Writing narrative literature reviews for peer-reviewed journals: secrets of the trade.

              To describe and discuss the process used to write a narrative review of the literature for publication in a peer-reviewed journal. Publication of narrative overviews of the literature should be standardized to increase their objectivity. In the past decade numerous changes in research methodology pertaining to reviews of the literature have occurred. These changes necessitate authors of review articles to be familiar with current standards in the publication process. Narrative overview of the literature synthesizing the findings of literature retrieved from searches of computerized databases, hand searches, and authoritative texts. An overview of the use of three types of reviews of the literature is presented. Step by step instructions for how to conduct and write a narrative overview utilizing a 'best-evidence synthesis' approach are discussed, starting with appropriate preparatory work and ending with how to create proper illustrations. Several resources for creating reviews of the literature are presented and a narrative overview critical appraisal worksheet is included. A bibliography of other useful reading is presented in an appendix. Narrative overviews can be a valuable contribution to the literature if prepared properly. New and experienced authors wishing to write a narrative overview should find this article useful in constructing such a paper and carrying out the research process. It is hoped that this article will stimulate scholarly dialog amongst colleagues about this research design and other complex literature review methods.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Sex Reprod Health Matters
                Sex Reprod Health Matters
                Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters
                Taylor & Francis
                2641-0397
                2 December 2019
                2019
                : 27
                : 1
                : 52-68
                Affiliations
                [a ]International Health Project Officer, Maternal and Child Health Program, Burnet Institute , Melbourne, Australia
                [b ]Principal Research Fellow, Maternal and Child Health Program, Burnet Institute , Melbourne, Australia
                [c ]Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Port Moresby General Hospital, Papua New Guinea and the University of Papua New Guinea
                [d ]Obstetrician and Gynaecologist, Modilion Hospital, Madang and the PNG Institute for Medical Research, Papua New Guinea
                [e ]Co-Director, Maternal and Child Health Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne; Visiting Distinguished Professor of Midwifery, University of Technology Sydney , Australia
                Author notes
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3214-7096
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9500-7234
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7454-3011
                Article
                1686199
                10.1080/26410397.2019.1686199
                7888046
                31790637
                ed5dbd0d-20aa-495f-a42e-f834a6095a4c
                © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 4, Equations: 0, References: 69, Pages: 17
                Categories
                Review Article
                Review Articles

                maternal and neonatal health,newborns,postpartum,prenatal,antenatal

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