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      Prevalence and associated risk factors of soil-transmitted helminth infections among schoolchildren in Mekan Eyesus town, northwestern Ethiopia

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          Abstract

          Background

          Little attention has been paid to determining the prevalence and associated factors of soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections in some developing countries. This study was, therefore, carried out to determine the prevalence and associated factors of STH infections among schoolchildren attending three primary schools in Mekane Eyesus town, northwestern Ethiopia.

          Methods

          A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March to June 2023 in Mekane Eyesus town. Stool samples were collected from 401 children from three primary schools in the town. Wet-mount and formol ether concentration techniques were used to diagnose stool samples, and a structured questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographic characteristics and risk factors for STH infections.

          Results

          The overall prevalence of STH infection in this study was 18.2 % (73/401). The most common helminth species detected was Ascaris lumbricoides ( A. lumbricoides) (7.5 % (30/401)). Not trimming fingernails regularly (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 3.75, 95 % CI = 1.87–7.50), having illiterate fathers (AOR = 2.29, 95 % CI = 1.18–4.44), and being aged 15–17 years (AOR = 2.37, 95 % CI = 1.06–5.30) were associated with increased odds of STH infection. Children who wash their hands after defecation (AOR = 0.43, 95 % CI = 0.21–0.88) and those whose mothers were housewives (AOR = 0.22, 95 % CI = 0.08–0.58) had lower odds of STH infection.

          Conclusion

          This study found a high prevalence of STH infection among schoolchildren in Mekane Eyesus town. Thus, STH infection preventive measures, including deworming of schoolchildren, should be implemented in the study area. Moreover, giving health-related knowledge about STH infection prevention strategies, such as regular fingernail trimming and hand washing after defecating, is vital for reducing the prevalence of STH infections in the study area.

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          Pratical issues in calculating the sample size for prevalence studies

          L Naing, T Winn, R Nordin … (2006)
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            Role of the employment status and education of mothers in the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in Mexican rural schoolchildren

            Luis Quihui-Cota, Mauro Valencia, David Crompton … (2006)
            Background Intestinal parasitic infections are a public health problem in developing countries such as Mexico. As a result, two governmental programmes have been implemented: a) "National Deworming Campaign" and b) "Opportunities" aimed at maternal care. However, both programmes are developed separately and their impact is still unknown. We independently investigated whether a variety of socio-economic factors, including maternal education and employment levels, were associated with intestinal parasite infection in rural school children. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in 12 rural communities in two Mexican states. The study sites and populations were selected on the basis of the following traits: a) presence of activities by the national administration of albendazole, b) high rates of intestinal parasitism, c) little access to medical examination, and d) a population having less than 2,500 inhabitants. A total of 507 schoolchildren (mean age 8.2 years) were recruited and 1,521 stool samples collected (3 per child). Socio-economic information was obtained by an oral questionnaire. Regression modelling was used to determine the association of socio-economic indicators and intestinal parasitism. Results More than half of the schoolchildren showed poliparasitism (52%) and protozoan infections (65%). The prevalence of helminth infections was higher in children from Oaxaca (53%) than in those from Sinaloa (33%) (p < 0.0001). Giardia duodenalis and Hymenolepis nana showed a high prevalence in both states. Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and Entamoeba hystolitica/dispar showed low prevalence. Children from lower-income families and with unemployed and less educated mothers showed higher risk of intestinal parasitism (odds ratio (OR) 6.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.6–22.6; OR 4.5, 95% CI 2.5–8.2; OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.5–7.4 respectively). Defecation in open areas was also a high risk factor for infection (OR 2.4, 95% CI 2.0–3.0). Conclusion Intestinal parasitism remains an important public health problem in Sinaloa (north-western Mexico) and Oaxaca (south-eastern Mexico). Lower income, defecation in open areas, employment status and a lower education level of mothers were the significant factors related to these infections. We conclude that mothers should be involved in health initiatives to control intestinal parasitism in Mexico.
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              Effects of backpacking holidays in Australia on alcohol, tobacco and drug use of UK residents

              Mark Bellis, Karen Hughes, Paul Dillon … (2007)
              Background Whilst alcohol and drug use among young people is known to escalate during short holidays and working breaks in international nightlife resorts, little empirical data are available on the impact of longer backpacking holidays on substance use. Here we examine changes in alcohol, tobacco and drug use when UK residents go backpacking in Australia. Methods Matched information on alcohol and drug use in Australia and the UK was collected through a cross sectional cohort study of 1008 UK nationals aged 18–35 years, holidaying in Sydney or Cairns, Australia, during 2005. Results The use of alcohol and other drugs by UK backpackers visiting Australia was common with use of illicit drugs being substantially higher than in peers of the same age in their home country. Individuals showed a significant increase in frequency of alcohol consumption in Australia compared to their behaviour in the UK with the proportion drinking five or more times per week rising from 20.7% (UK) to 40.3% (Australia). Relatively few individuals were recruited into drug use in Australia (3.0%, cannabis; 2.7% ecstasy; 0.7%, methamphetamine). However, over half of the sample (55.0%) used at least one illicit drug when backpacking. Risk factors for illicit drug use while backpacking were being regular club goers, being male, Sydney based, travelling without a partner or spouse, having been in Australia more than four weeks, Australia being the only destination on their vacation and drinking or smoking five or more days a week. Conclusion As countries actively seek to attract more international backpacker tourists, interventions must be developed that target this population's risk behaviours. Developing messages on drunkenness and other drug use specifically for backpackers could help minimise their health risks directly (e.g. adverse drug reactions) and indirectly (e.g. accidents and violence) as well as negative impacts on the host country.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Zinaye Tekeste
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Parasite Epidemiol Control
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Parasite Epidemiol Control
                Title: Parasite Epidemiology and Control
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Electronic): 2405-6731
                Publication date PMC-release: 05 September 2024
                Publication date Collection: November 2024
                Publication date (Electronic): 05 September 2024
                Volume: 27
                Electronic Location Identifier: e00379
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Biology, College of Natural and Computational Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
                [b ]Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. zinaye.tekeste@ 123456aau.edu.et
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S2405-6731(24)00043-6 Publisher ID: e00379
                DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00379
                PMC ID: 11417321
                PubMed ID: 39314209
                SO-VID: ed5a64af-39ab-441e-b0ba-f62de1e29e2f
                Copyright © © 2024 The Author(s)
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 28 March 2024
                Date revision received : 19 July 2024
                Date accepted : 3 September 2024
                Categories
                Subject: Original Research article

                Keywords: soil-transmitted helminth,prevalence,mekane eyesus,ethiopia
                Data availability:
                Keywords: soil-transmitted helminth, prevalence, mekane eyesus, ethiopia

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