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      Morphological variations and sexual dimorphism in Chelonoidis carbonaria (Spix, 1824) and Chelonoidis denticulata (Linnaeus, 1766) (Testudinidae) Translated title: Variações morfológicas e dimorfismo sexual em Chelonoidis carbonaria (Spix, 1824) e Chelonoidis denticulata (Linnaeus, 1766) (Testudinidae)

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      (COORD)
      Brazilian Journal of Biology
      Instituto Internacional de Ecologia
      tortoise, carapace, plastron, shape, jabuti, carapaça, plastrão, forma

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          Abstract

          Chelonoidis Dcarbonaria and C. denticulata are two tortoises which are widely distributed Brazil. Although they occur sympatrically in different areas, C. carbonaria prefers open areas, while C. denticulata chooses forest areas. Significant morphological variations can be observed in these species due to the fact that they occupy a vast and environmentally diverse area. Data on shell shape of captive individuals reveal important differences between the two species, mainly in the plastron scutes, carapace width, and head length. Variation in shape is greater in C. carbonaria than in C. denticulata, which may be associated to a more elaborate and complex mating ritual. The shell shape in C. denticulata is more elongated than in C. carbonaria due to ecological habits. These aspects lead to a greater restriction in shape, limiting variation and dimorphism. In C. carbonaria, the shell opening is larger than in C. denticulata, which affords greater variation in shape. A more elongated shell facilitates movements of C. denticulata in densely forested areas. Yet, this characteristic reduces shell opening, lessening the possibilities of variation in form.

          Translated abstract

          Chelonoidis carbonaria e C. denticulata são duas espécies de jabutis com ampla distribuição no território brasileiro. Apesar de ocorrerem em simpatria em muitos locais, C. carbonaria apresenta predileção por áreas mais abertas e C. denticulata, por áreas de florestas mais densas. Por ocuparem extensa área com grandes variações ambientais, essas espécies apresentam grande variação nas características morfológicas. Dados da forma do casco de indivíduos cativos indicam importantes diferenças entre as espécies, principalmente nos escudos do plastrão, na largura da carapaça e no comprimento cefálico. Chelonoidis carbonaria apresenta maior variação da forma que C. denticulata, o que pode ser relacionado a um ritual de acasalamento mais elaborado e complexo. Chelonoidis denticulata possui corpo mais alongado que C. carbonaria, o que é atribuído aos seus hábitos; esse aspecto leva a uma maior restrição da forma, minimizando as possibilidades de variação do seu dimorfismo. A abertura no casco de C. carbonaria é maior que em C. denticulata, o que possibilita maior variação na forma. Um casco mais alongado facilita o deslocamento de C. denticulata em áreas de floresta densa, mas reduz a abertura desse casco, diminuindo as possibilidades de variação da forma.

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          Ecological causes for the evolution of sexual dimorphism: a review of the evidence.

          R. Shine (1989)
          Can sexual dimorphism evolve because of ecological differences between the sexes? Although several examples of this phenomenon are well known from studies on birds, the idea has often been dismissed as lacking general applicability. This dismissal does not stem from contradictory data so much as from the difficulties inherent in testing the hypothesis, and its apparent lack of parsimony, in comparison to the alternative explanation of sexual selection. The only unequivocal evidence for the evolution of sexual dimorphism through intersexual niche partitioning would be disproportionate dimorphism in trophic structures (e.g., mouthparts). This criterion offers a minimum estimate of the importance of ecological causes for dimorphism, because it may fail to identify most cases. A review of published literature reveals examples of sexually dimorphic trophic structures in most animal phyla. Many of these examples seem to be attributable to sexual selection, but others reflect adaptations for niche divergence between the sexes. For example, dwarf non-feeding males without functional mouthparts have evolved independently in many taxa. In other cases, males and females differ in trophic structures apparently because of differences in diets. Such divergence may often reflect specific nutritional requirements for reproduction in females, or extreme (sexually selected?) differences between males and females in habitats or body sizes. Ecological competition between the sexes may be responsible for intersexual niche divergence in some cases, but the independent evolution of foraging specializations by each sex may be of more general importance. If ecological causation for dimorphism can be demonstrated in so many cases, despite the inadequacies of the available criteria, the degree of sexual size dimorphism in many other animal species may well also have been influenced by ecological factors. Hence, it may be premature to dismiss this hypothesis, despite the difficulty of testing it.
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            Sexual size dimorphism and sexual selection in turtles (order testudines)

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              • Article: not found

              Correlates of Reproductive Output in Turtles (Order Testudines)

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                bjb
                Brazilian Journal of Biology
                Braz. J. Biol.
                Instituto Internacional de Ecologia (São Carlos, SP, Brazil )
                1519-6984
                1678-4375
                February 2012
                : 72
                : 1
                : 153-161
                Affiliations
                [02] Belo Horizonte MG orgnameUniversidade Federal de Minas Gerais orgdiv1Instituto de Ciências Biológicas orgdiv2Departamento de Zoologia Brazil
                [01] Viçosa MG orgnameUniversidade Federal de Viçosa Brazil
                [03] Vila Velha ES orgnameUniversidade Vila Velha Brazil
                Article
                S1519-69842012000100018 S1519-6984(12)07200100018
                ecb25a24-8e10-4f31-b925-2a28baab4142

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 28 October 2010
                : 04 January 2011
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 48, Pages: 9
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI: Full text available only in PDF format (EN)
                Categories
                Biology

                General life sciences
                shape,tortoise,carapace,plastron,jabuti,carapaça,plastrão,forma
                General life sciences
                shape, tortoise, carapace, plastron, jabuti, carapaça, plastrão, forma

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