Effect of Supplemental Kluyveromyces marxianus and Pichia kudriavzevii on Aflatoxin M ₁ Excretion in Milk of Lactating Dairy Cows

Abstract

Simple Summary

A recent survey determining the occurrence of mycotoxins showed that almost all feedstuffs fed to dairy cattle contained aflatoxin, predominantly B ₁ type. The present study illustrated the potential application of aflatoxin-detoxifying yeast isolated from ruminal fluid of dairy cows to enhance the aflatoxin B ₁ detoxification in the rumen, to reduce the aflatoxin M ₁ contamination in milk and to improve dairy cattle performances. The inclusion of 2 g/day yeast into total mixed ration (TMR) diet reduced the transfer of aflatoxin B ₁ to aflatoxin M ₁ in raw milk by 72.08% and negative effects of aflatoxin B ₁ on dry matter intake (DMI) and milk compositions. Aflatoxin-detoxifying yeast isolates could potentially be developed for use as a feed additive to reduce aflatoxin contamination in milk and dairy products.

Abstract

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of supplementing Kluyveromyces marxianus CPY1, K. marxianus RSY5 and Pichia kudriavzevii YSY2 isolated from ruminal fluid of dairy cows on transfer of aflatoxin B ₁ (AFB ₁) from feed into aflatoxin M ₁ (AFM ₁) in milk, DMI, milk production and nutrient digestibility. Four multiparous Holsteins in mid-lactation were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design trial consisting of 14 days in each experimental period for sample collection. Between each period, 14 clearance days prior to the next treatment were allowed to minimize carryover effects. In each treatment, subsequent supplementation of isolated yeast was compared, i.e., (1) control (without yeast supplementation), (2) K. marxianus CPY1 (K1Y), (3) K. marxianus RSY5 (K2Y) and (4) P. kudriavzevii YSY2 (PY). All diets contained 22.28 µg of AFB ₁/kg. Treatments were individually fed at the rate of 2 g/day (1 × 10 ⁹ CFU/g) of yeast biomass or corn meal in the control group. Concentrations of AFM ₁ in milk was reduced with yeast and averaged 1.54, 0.36, 0.43 and 0.51 µg/L for control, K1Y, K2Y and PY, respectively ( p < 0.01). The transfer of AFB ₁ from feed into AFM ₁ in milk was higher in control compared with K1Y, K2Y and PY (7.26% vs. 1.18%, 1.44% and 1.69% respectively, p < 0.01). Supplementation of yeast also improved DMI and milk compositions, but no differences were observed in nutrient digestibility or milk yield among treatments. Concentration and yield of milk protein, fat, lactose, solid-not-fat (SNF) and total solids were greater in cows fed yeast compared with the control ( p < 0.01). These results indicate that K. marxianus CPY1, RSY5 and P. kudriavzevii YSY2 shows promise as a dietary supplementation to detoxify AFB ₁ and improve DMI and yield of milk components.