Leishmania  ( Mundinia )  orientalis  n. sp. (Trypanosomatidae), a parasite from Thailand responsible for localised cutaneous leishmaniasis

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Abstract

Background

Leishmaniasis is an emerging disease in Thailand with an unknown incidence or prevalence. Although the number of properly characterized and clinically confirmed cases is about 20, it is suspected that this low number masks a potentially high prevalence, with clinical disease typically manifesting itself against an immunocompromised background, but with a substantial number of subclinical or cured cases of infection. To date leishmaniasis in Thailand has been mainly ascribed to two taxa within the recently erected subgenus Mundinia Shaw, Camargo & Teixeira, 2016, Leishmania ( Mundinia) martiniquensis Desbois, Pratlong & Dedet, 2014 and a species that has not been formally described prior to this study.

Results

A case of simple cutaneous leishmaniasis was diagnosed in a patient from Nan Province, Thailand. Molecular analysis of parasites derived from a biopsy sample revealed this to be a new species of Leishmania Ross, 1908, which has been named as Leishmania ( Mundinia) orientalis Bates & Jariyapan n. sp. A formal description is provided, and this new taxon supercedes some isolates from the invalid taxon “Leishmania siamensis”. A summary of all known cases of leishmaniasis with a corrected species identification is provided.

Conclusions

Three species of parasites are now known to cause leishmaniasis is Thailand, L. martiniquensis and L. orientalis n. sp. in the subgenus Mundinia, which contains the type-species Leishmania enriettii Muniz & Medina, 1948, and a single case of Leishmania infantum Nicolle, 1908. This study now enables epidemiological and other investigations into the biology of these unusual parasites to be conducted. It is recommended that the use of the taxonomically invalid name “L. siamensis” should be discontinued.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-2908-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Most cited references 40

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A Historical Overview of the Classification, Evolution, and Dispersion of Leishmania Parasites and Sandflies

Mohammad Akhoundi, Katrin Kuhls, Arnaud Cannet … (2016)

Background The aim of this study is to describe the major evolutionary historical events among Leishmania, sandflies, and the associated animal reservoirs in detail, in accordance with the geographical evolution of the Earth, which has not been previously discussed on a large scale. Methodology and Principal Findings Leishmania and sandfly classification has always been a controversial matter, and the increasing number of species currently described further complicates this issue. Despite several hypotheses on the origin, evolution, and distribution of Leishmania and sandflies in the Old and New World, no consistent agreement exists regarding dissemination of the actors that play roles in leishmaniasis. For this purpose, we present here three centuries of research on sandflies and Leishmania descriptions, as well as a complete description of Leishmania and sandfly fossils and the emergence date of each Leishmania and sandfly group during different geographical periods, from 550 million years ago until now. We discuss critically the different approaches that were used for Leishmana and sandfly classification and their synonymies, proposing an updated classification for each species of Leishmania and sandfly. We update information on the current distribution and dispersion of different species of Leishmania (53), sandflies (more than 800 at genus or subgenus level), and animal reservoirs in each of the following geographical ecozones: Palearctic, Nearctic, Neotropic, Afrotropical, Oriental, Malagasy, and Australian. We propose an updated list of the potential and proven sandfly vectors for each Leishmania species in the Old and New World. Finally, we address a classical question about digenetic Leishmania evolution: which was the first host, a vertebrate or an invertebrate? Conclusions and Significance We propose an updated view of events that have played important roles in the geographical dispersion of sandflies, in relation to both the Leishmania species they transmit and the animal reservoirs of the parasites.

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Biology of phlebotomine sand flies as vectors of disease agents.

Paul Ready (2013)

Phlebotomines are the sole or principal vectors of Leishmania, Bartonella bacilliformis, and some arboviruses. The coevolution of sand flies with Leishmania species of mammals and lizards is considered in relation to the landscape epidemiology of leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease. Evolutionary hypotheses are unresolved, so a practical phlebotomine classification is proposed to aid biomedical information retrieval. The vectors of Leishmania are tabulated and new criteria for their incrimination are given. Research on fly-parasite-host interactions, fly saliva, and behavioral ecology is reviewed in relation to parasite manipulation of blood feeding, vaccine targets, and pheromones for lures. Much basic research is based on few transmission cycles, so generalizations should be made with caution. Integrated research and control programs have begun, but improved control of leishmaniasis and nuisance-biting requires greater emphasis on population genetics and transmission modeling. Most leishmaniasis transmission is zoonotic, affecting the poor and tourists in rural and natural areas, and therefore control should be compatible with environmental conservation.

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Leishmania development in sand flies: parasite-vector interactions overview

Anna Dostálová, Petr Volf (2012)

Leishmaniases are vector-borne parasitic diseases with 0.9 – 1.4 million new human cases each year worldwide. In the vectorial part of the life-cycle, Leishmania development is confined to the digestive tract. During the first few days after blood feeding, natural barriers to Leishmania development include secreted proteolytic enzymes, the peritrophic matrix surrounding the ingested blood meal and sand fly immune reactions. As the blood digestion proceeds, parasites need to bind to the midgut epithelium to avoid being excreted with the blood remnant. This binding is strictly stage-dependent as it is a property of nectomonad and leptomonad forms only. While the attachment in specific vectors (P. papatasi, P. duboscqi and P. sergenti) involves lipophosphoglycan (LPG), this Leishmania molecule is not required for parasite attachment in other sand fly species experimentally permissive for various Leishmania. During late-stage infections, large numbers of parasites accumulate in the anterior midgut and produce filamentous proteophosphoglycan creating a gel-like plug physically obstructing the gut. The parasites attached to the stomodeal valve cause damage to the chitin lining and epithelial cells of the valve, interfering with its function and facilitating reflux of parasites from the midgut. Transformation to metacyclic stages highly infective for the vertebrate host is the other prerequisite for effective transmission. Here, we review the current state of knowledge of molecular interactions occurring in all these distinct phases of parasite colonization of the sand fly gut, highlighting recent discoveries in the field.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Narissara Jariyapan: njariyapan@gmail.com

Teerada Daroontum: mewteerada@gmail.com

Krit Jaiwong: kritjai1107@gmail.com

Wetpisit Chanmol: wetpisitchanmol@gmail.com

Nuchpicha Intakhan: nuchpichaintakhan@gmail.com

Sriwatapron Sor-suwan: sriwatapronsor9@gmail.com

Padet Siriyasatien: padetcu@gmail.com

Pradya Somboon: pradya.somboon@cmu.ac.th

Michelle D. Bates: m.bates@lancaster.ac.uk

Paul A. Bates: p.bates@lancaster.ac.uk

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Parasit Vectors

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Parasit Vectors

Title: Parasites & Vectors

Publisher: BioMed Central (London )

ISSN (Electronic): 1756-3305

Publication date (Electronic): 18 June 2018

Publication date PMC-release: 18 June 2018

Publication date Collection: 2018

Volume: 11

Electronic Location Identifier: 351

Affiliations

[1 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9039 7662, GRID grid.7132.7, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, , Chiang Mai University, ; Chiang Mai, Thailand

[2 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9039 7662, GRID grid.7132.7, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, , Chiang Mai University, ; Chiang Mai, Thailand

[3 ]Santisuk Hospital, Santisuk, Nan, Thailand

[4 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0244 7875, GRID grid.7922.e, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, , Chulalongkorn University, ; Bangkok, Thailand

[5 ]ISNI 0000 0000 8190 6402, GRID grid.9835.7, Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, , Lancaster University, ; Lancaster, UK

Article

Publisher ID: 2908

DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2908-3

PMC ID: 6006788

PubMed ID: 29914526

SO-VID: ec6a4363-6f33-4d43-b50e-7828293455ca

License:

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

History

Date received : 4 January 2018

Date accepted : 21 May 2018

Custom metadata

ScienceOpen disciplines: Parasitology

Keywords: leishmania orientalis,mundinia,thailand,cutaneous leishmaniasis

Data availability:

ScienceOpen disciplines: Parasitology

Keywords: leishmania orientalis, mundinia, thailand, cutaneous leishmaniasis

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Leishmania ( Mundinia) orientalis n. sp. (Trypanosomatidae), a parasite from Thailand responsible for localised cutaneous leishmaniasis

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Abstract

Background

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Electronic supplementary material

Related collections

Parasite

Most cited references 40

A Historical Overview of the Classification, Evolution, and Dispersion of Leishmania Parasites and Sandflies

Biology of phlebotomine sand flies as vectors of disease agents.

Leishmania development in sand flies: parasite-vector interactions overview

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Cited by 37

Most referenced authors 498