Applications of mPCR testing reduced initial antibiotic use and duration of mechanical ventilation in virus-infected children with severe community-acquired pneumonia admitted to the PICU

Abstract

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children worldwide. It is critical for these patients to select and timely initiate appropriate empirical antimicrobial therapy against the causative pathogens [1]. However, conventional pathogen-detecting methods, such as culture and serology, have no prospect of altering empiric therapy owing to their time delay in obtaining results and to their lower detection rates [2]. Recent advances in molecular diagnostic assays, such as multiplex polymerase chain reaction PCR (mPCR) methods, have been used to detect multiple pathogens in CAP simultaneously within two hours and have dramatically improved the ability to diagnose respiratory pathogens [3]. However, whether this molecular diagnosis method can reduce the use of antibiotics and can improve prognosis in severe CAP children, especially those less than 5 years old, remains to be explored. We conducted a retrospective cohort study enrolling 219 children with severe CAP in the pediatric intensive Care Unit (PICU) between 1 January 2016 and 31 December 2018, including 151 patients in the traditional testing group and 68 in the mPCR testing group. Respiratory samples from all patients were collected within 12 hours of admission to PICU. In the traditional testing group, routine microbiological methods were performed and children received empirical antimicrobial treatment. In the mPCR testing group, children underwent the mPCR testing within 12 hours of admission to PICU and selective use of antibiotics according to the rapid pathogen detection results. About 77% (169/219) of patients were under 5 years; and there was no significant difference in the median age of these two groups. The gender composition was also similar. Other baseline clinical characteristics and laboratory results did not differ significantly between these two groups (Table 1). Table 1 Patient demographics and clinical characteristics Baseline characteristics Traditional testing(n = 151) mPCR testing(n = 68) P Age in year, median (IQR) 1.0 (0.5–5.2) 0.9 (0.4–5.0) 0.187   < 1 y, n (%) 78 (52%) 36 (53%) 0.86   > 5 y, n (%) 36 (24%) 16 (23%) 0.96 Male sex, n (%) 90 (60%) 39 (57%) 0.754 Days of fever before admission, median (IQR) 4 (2–6) 5 (2–8) 0.496  Mean (SD) heart rate (/min) 153 (21) 150 (27) 0.230  Mean (SD) respiratory rate (/min) 39 (10) 36 (11) 0.062 Laboratory values median, n (%)  WBC > 10 × 109/L 68 (45%) 29 (43%) 0.742  CRP > 8 mg/L 92 (60%) 38 (56%) 0.482  PCT > 0.25 ng/mL 88 (58%) 39 (57%) 0.897 Respiratory support before admission, n (%)  Trachea intubation 34 (22%) 15 (22%) 0.94  Non-invasive ventilation 76 (50%) 33 (49%) 0.805  Nasal cannula 28 (19%) 13 (19%) 0.92 Complications, n (%)  Heart failure 34 (23%) 10 (15%) 0.182  Respiratory failure 90 (60%) 42 (61%) 0.762  Acute renal failure 4 (3%) 4 (5%) 0.238  Liver dysfunction 15 (10%) 10 (15%) 0.304  Meningitis or encephalitis 21 (14%) 20 (29%) 0.006  MODS 3 (2%) 2 (3%) 0.662  Pleural fluid 23 (16%) 14 (21%) 0.338 PIM2 (%), median (IQR) 10 (3–20) 13 (2–24) 0.136 Main infiltrate pattern in chest X-ray at admission, n (%)  Consolidation 62 (41%) 29 (43%) 0.971  Interstitial infiltrate 58 (38%) 27 (40%) 0.856  Mixed 29 (19%) 10 (15%) 0.421 Initial antibiotic use, n (%)  Antibiotics before hospitalization 123 (82%) 53 (78%) 0.544  Any antibiotics before culture 140 (93%) 60 (89%) 0.276 CRP C-reaction protein, IQR interquartile range, MODS multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, PCR polymerase chain reaction, PCT procalcitonin, PIM2 pediatric index of mortality 2, WBC white blood cell The etiological identification rate in the traditional and mPCR testing groups were 72.4% and 77.8%, respectively, of which bacterial infections (42.9% vs. 47.1%), viral pathogens (51.0% vs. 55.9%) and mycoplasma pneumonia (15% vs. 17%) were determined. No significant differences were detected in the distribution of viral and bacterial pathogens between these two groups. In both the traditional and the mPCR testing groups, the most common bacteria found were S. pneumoniae (20% vs. 19%), S. aureus (14% vs. 21%), and H. influenza (18% vs. 13%). The most common viruses were respiratory syncytial virus (43% vs. 45%) and influenza (42% vs. 30%), respectively (Table 2). The detection rate of coronavirus was only 8% in the mPCR testing group, and coronavirus was not tested for the traditional testing methods. Table 2 Microbiological yield in the study population Etiological agents No. patients with each organism (%)* P The traditionaltesting (n = 151) The mPCRtesting(n = 68) Details of organisms detection  Bacterial culture   S. pneumoniae 13 (20%) 6 (19%) 0.884   S. aureus 9 (14%) 7 (21%) 0.479   H. influenzae 12 (18%) 4 (13%) 0.583   klebsiella pneumoniae 9 (14%) 4 (13%) 0.821   Escherichia coli 2 (3%) 1 (3%) 0.738   Pseudomonas aeruginosa 8 (12%) 2 (6%) 0.236   Acinetobacter baumannii 6 (9%) 3 (9%) 0.921  Total typical bacteria 65 32 0.685  Virological studies†   Respiratory syncytial virus 33 (43%) 17 (45%) 0.546   Influenza A and B 32 (42%) 19 (30%) 0.291   Adenoviridae 5 (6%) 3 (8%) 0.718   Parainfluenza viruses 1–4 7 (9%) 2 (5%) 0.295   Human metapneumovirus ND 1 (3%) –   Rhinovirus/enterovirus ND 1 (3%) –   Coronavirus HKU1, NL63, 229E, OC43 ND 3 (8%) –  Total viruses 77 38 0.600  Atypical agents   Mycoplasma pneumoniae 22 (15%) 11 (17%) 0.703 Types of infection  Virus infection only 25 (17%) 9 (13%) 0.642   Single virus 19 (13%) 5 (7%) 0.327   Multiplex viruses 6 (4%) 4 (6%) 0.548  Bacterium infection only 25 (17%) 12 (18%) 0.779   Single bacterium 15 (10%) 7 (10%) 0.792   Multiplex bacteria 10 (7%) 7 (10%) 0.463  Virus/bacterium coinfection 44 (29%) 21 (31%) 0.962 Data are no. (%) of patients ND not done *For typical bacteria and viruses, the percentage is of total isolates of each organism within the microbiological category and testing group. For Mycoplasma, the percentage is of infections detected in patients within the testing group †Virological studies were diagnosed by serology or virus isolation in the traditional testing group, and were diagnosed by multiplex polymerase chain reaction PCR (mPCR) detection in the mPCR testing group Initial antibiotic therapy at PICU admission was 56.6% (124/219), of which 86/151 (57.0%) was determined by traditional testing method and 38/68 (55.9%) by mPCR testing method. In patients with mPCR diagnosed with viral infection, initial antibiotic use (38%) was lower than that of the traditional testing group (78%) (P = 0.023). This was especially true of cephalosporin use, which reduced from 33% (traditional group) to 6% (mPCR group) (P = 0.043). Use of one antibiotic reduced from 37 to 19%, and use of two antibiotics reduced from 33 to 13%, but without statistical significance between the traditional and mPCR testing groups. Antibiotic treatment was similar between the two groups with bacterial infection and viral/bacterial coinfection. No significant differences were observed in the percent of invasive mechanical ventilation used, length of hospital stay, and PICU stay between the traditional and mPCR testing groups. However, in patients with only viral infection or viral/bacterial coinfection, duration of mechanical ventilation was 5 days (range 3–7 days) and 12 days (range 4–16 days) in the traditional testing group, and it decreased to 3 days (range 1–5) and 7 days (range 3–9) in the mPCR testing group. Although several observational studies have shown that mPCR detection of respiratory viruses has an impact on reducing the use of antibiotics in patients with viral pneumonia, there are fewer reports on children under 5 years of age [4–6]. In our study, most children were under 5 years of age and were discharged with a primary diagnosis of severe CAP. Similarly, the mPCR testing method has slightly increased the capability of identifying pathogens and has reduced initial antibiotic prescribed among children with viral infection [5, 6]. Pathogen-directed therapy can avoid unnecessary antibiotic or antiviral use, can facilitate more timely and effective use of drugs, and can help to prevent the secondary spread of infection, all of which contribute to shorten the length of hospitalization and to significantly influence patient management and disease prognosis [7]. Our study revealed that the mPCR testing method was associated with a significantly decreased duration of mechanical ventilation in patients with viral infection or viral/bacterial coinfection. Specifically, patients with bacterial infections tended to have a more severe course according to PICU admission rates, respiratory support necessity, clinical disease severity scales and length of hospitalization [8]. Previous research shows that the occurrence of pathogens with high antibiotic resistance in the lower respiratory tract increases with increased duration of hospital care and mechanical ventilation [9]. Alternatively, knowledge of a reduced duration of ventilation can be used to justify a prospective trial to assess the proper employment of antibiotics in children with severe CAP requiring invasive ventilation [10]. In the future, greater use of PCR amplification of bacteria may be accompanied by precise antibiotic prescription and can provide comprehensive information related to etiology in children with severe CAP.