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      The Cardiac Lipidome in Models of Cardiovascular Disease

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          Abstract

          Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. There are numerous factors involved in the development of CVD. Among these, lipids have an important role in maintaining the myocardial cell structure as well as cardiac function. Fatty acids (FA) are utilized for energy, but also contribute to the pathogenesis of CVD and heart failure. Advances in mass spectrometry methods have enabled the comprehensive analysis of a plethora of lipid species from a single sample comprised of a heterogeneous population of lipid molecules. Determining cardiac lipid alterations in different models of CVD identifies novel biomarkers as well as reveals molecular mechanisms that underlie disease development and progression. This information could inform the development of novel therapeutics in the treatment of CVD. Herein, we provide a review of recent studies of cardiac lipid profiles in myocardial infarction, obesity, and diabetic and dilated cardiomyopathy models of CVD by methods of mass spectrometry analysis.

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          Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.

          Marie Ng, Tom Fleming, Margaret W. Robinson … (2015)
          In 2010, overweight and obesity were estimated to cause 3·4 million deaths, 3·9% of years of life lost, and 3·8% of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) worldwide. The rise in obesity has led to widespread calls for regular monitoring of changes in overweight and obesity prevalence in all populations. Comparable, up-to-date information about levels and trends is essential to quantify population health effects and to prompt decision makers to prioritise action. We estimate the global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980-2013. We systematically identified surveys, reports, and published studies (n=1769) that included data for height and weight, both through physical measurements and self-reports. We used mixed effects linear regression to correct for bias in self-reports. We obtained data for prevalence of obesity and overweight by age, sex, country, and year (n=19,244) with a spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression model to estimate prevalence with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). Worldwide, the proportion of adults with a body-mass index (BMI) of 25 kg/m(2) or greater increased between 1980 and 2013 from 28·8% (95% UI 28·4-29·3) to 36·9% (36·3-37·4) in men, and from 29·8% (29·3-30·2) to 38·0% (37·5-38·5) in women. Prevalence has increased substantially in children and adolescents in developed countries; 23·8% (22·9-24·7) of boys and 22·6% (21·7-23·6) of girls were overweight or obese in 2013. The prevalence of overweight and obesity has also increased in children and adolescents in developing countries, from 8·1% (7·7-8·6) to 12·9% (12·3-13·5) in 2013 for boys and from 8·4% (8·1-8·8) to 13·4% (13·0-13·9) in girls. In adults, estimated prevalence of obesity exceeded 50% in men in Tonga and in women in Kuwait, Kiribati, Federated States of Micronesia, Libya, Qatar, Tonga, and Samoa. Since 2006, the increase in adult obesity in developed countries has slowed down. Because of the established health risks and substantial increases in prevalence, obesity has become a major global health challenge. Not only is obesity increasing, but no national success stories have been reported in the past 33 years. Urgent global action and leadership is needed to help countries to more effectively intervene. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            Regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis.

            François Jornayvaz, Gerald I. Shulman (2010)
            Although it is well established that physical activity increases mitochondrial content in muscle, the molecular mechanisms underlying this process have only recently been elucidated. Mitochondrial dysfunction is an important component of different diseases associated with aging, such as Type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. PGC-1alpha (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator-1alpha) is a co-transcriptional regulation factor that induces mitochondrial biogenesis by activating different transcription factors, including nuclear respiratory factor 1 and nuclear respiratory factor 2, which activate mitochondrial transcription factor A. The latter drives transcription and replication of mitochondrial DNA. PGC-1alpha itself is regulated by several different key factors involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, which will be reviewed in this chapter. Of those, AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) is of major importance. AMPK acts as an energy sensor of the cell and works as a key regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. AMPK activity has been shown to decrease with age, which may contribute to decreased mitochondrial biogenesis and function with aging. Given the potentially important role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases and in the process of aging, understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating mitochondrial biogenesis and function may provide potentially important novel therapeutic targets.
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              Diabetic cardiomyopathy, causes and effects.

              Sihem Boudina, Evan Dale Abel (2010)
              Diabetes is associated with increased incidence of heart failure even after controlling for coronary artery disease and hypertension. Thus, as diabetic cardiomyopathy has become an increasingly recognized entity among clinicians, a better understanding of its pathophysiology is necessary for early diagnosis and the development of treatment strategies for diabetes-associated cardiovascular dysfunction. We will review recent basic and clinical research into the manifestations and the pathophysiological mechanisms of diabetic cardiomyopathy. The discussion will be focused on the structural, functional and metabolic changes that occur in the myocardium in diabetes and how these changes may contribute to the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy in affected humans and relevant animal models.
              Article 0 comments Cited 246 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Metabolites
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Metabolites
                Journal ID (publisher-id): metabolites
                Title: Metabolites
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2218-1989
                Publication date (Electronic): 17 June 2020
                Publication date Collection: June 2020
                Volume: 10
                Issue: 6
                Electronic Location Identifier: 254
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) Theme of the Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, 715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada; tomczyk3@ 123456myumanitoba.ca
                [2 ]Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T6, Canada
                [3 ]Rady Faculty of Health Science, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: vdolinsky@ 123456chrim.ca
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6557-2737
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5191-4628
                Article
                Publisher ID: metabolites-10-00254
                DOI: 10.3390/metabo10060254
                PMC ID: 7344916
                PubMed ID: 32560541
                SO-VID: ec149ce2-fa6d-4079-a50f-037d1f06aff2
                Copyright © © 2020 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 22 April 2020
                Date accepted : 11 June 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: cardiovascular disease,heart failure,myocardial infarction,obesity,diabetic cardiomyopathy,dilated cardiomyopathy,lipids,lipidomics,mass spectrometry
                Data availability:
                Keywords: cardiovascular disease, heart failure, myocardial infarction, obesity, diabetic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, lipids, lipidomics, mass spectrometry

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