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      Management and domestication of cattle ( Bos taurus) in Neolithic Southwest Asia

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          The initial domestication of goats (Capra hircus) in the Zagros mountains 10,000 years ago.

          Initial goat domestication is documented in the highlands of western Iran at 10,000 calibrated calendar years ago. Metrical analyses of patterns of sexual dimorphism in modern wild goat skeletons (Capra hircus aegagrus) allow sex-specific age curves to be computed for archaeofaunal assemblages. A distinct shift to selective harvesting of subadult males marks initial human management and the transition from hunting to herding of the species. Direct accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon dates on skeletal elements provide a tight temporal context for the transition.
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            Ancient cattle genomics, origins, and rapid turnover in the Fertile Crescent.

            Genome-wide analysis of 67 ancient Near Eastern cattle, Bos taurus, remains reveals regional variation that has since been obscured by admixture in modern populations. Comparisons of genomes of early domestic cattle to their aurochs progenitors identify diverse origins with separate introgressions of wild stock. A later region-wide Bronze Age shift indicates rapid and widespread introgression of zebu, Bos indicus, from the Indus Valley. This process was likely stimulated at the onset of the current geological age, ~4.2 thousand years ago, by a widespread multicentury drought. In contrast to genome-wide admixture, mitochondrial DNA stasis supports that this introgression was male-driven, suggesting that selection of arid-adapted zebu bulls enhanced herd survival. This human-mediated migration of zebu-derived genetics has continued through millennia, altering tropical herding on each continent.
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              Modern Taurine Cattle Descended from Small Number of Near-Eastern Founders

              Archaeozoological and genetic data indicate that taurine cattle were first domesticated from local wild ox (aurochs) in the Near East some 10,500 years ago. However, while modern mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation indicates early Holocene founding event(s), a lack of ancient DNA data from the region of origin, variation in mutation rate estimates, and limited application of appropriate inference methodologies have resulted in uncertainty on the number of animals first domesticated. A large number would be expected if cattle domestication was a technologically straightforward and unexacting region-wide phenomenon, while a smaller number would be consistent with a more complex and challenging process. We report mtDNA sequences from 15 Neolithic to Iron Age Iranian domestic cattle and, in conjunction with modern data, use serial coalescent simulation and approximate Bayesian computation to estimate that around 80 female aurochs were initially domesticated. Such a low number is consistent with archaeological data indicating that initial domestication took place in a restricted area and suggests the process was constrained by the difficulty of sustained managing and breeding of the wild progenitors of domestic cattle.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Anim Front
                Anim Front
                af
                Animal Frontiers: The Review Magazine of Animal Agriculture
                Oxford University Press (US )
                2160-6056
                2160-6064
                May 2021
                19 June 2021
                19 June 2021
                : 11
                : 3
                : 10-19
                Affiliations
                Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: bsarbu@ 123456email.unc.edu
                Article
                vfab015
                10.1093/af/vfab015
                8214434
                ebfcc673-eb84-4403-8947-83da7b0e992c
                © Arbuckle, Kassebaum

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Page count
                Pages: 10
                Funding
                Funded by: National Geographic Society, DOI 10.13039/100006363;
                Funded by: American Research Institute in Turkey, DOI 10.13039/100005285;
                Funded by: National Science Foundation, DOI 10.13039/100000001;
                Award ID: BCS-0530699
                Award ID: BCS-1311551
                Funded by: Encyclopedia of Life Computable Data Challenge;
                Funded by: Baylor University, DOI 10.13039/100007492;
                Funded by: UNC Chapel Hill;
                Categories
                Feature Article
                AcademicSubjects/SCI00960

                animal management,aurochs,cattle,domestication,neolithic southwest asia

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