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      Heterochromatin variation in chromosomes of Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) darlingi Root and A.(N.) nuneztovari Gabaldón (Diptera: Culicidae)

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      Genetics and Molecular Biology
      Sociedade Brasileira de Genética

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          Abstract

          C-banding was used to study the variations in heterochromatic block markings in chromosomes of Anopheles darlingi and A. nuneztovari from Manaus, State of Amazonas, and Macapá, State of Amapá, Brazil. Both species had two differently shaped X chromosomes and a Y chromosome that was entirely heterochromatic. The X1 chromosome of A. darlingi had markings that extended 1/3 of the total length whereas in the X2 chromosome the markings were located around the centromeric region. The markings on autosomal chromosomes were concentrated in the centromeric region in both species, with a heterochromatic block in one arm of chromosome II of A. darlingi. A. nuneztovari had three heterochromatic blocks in chromosome X1 (longer) and two blocks in X2 (shorter). X2X2 females were not detected in either species. The X1 and X2 chromosomes of males were found in A. darlingi, whereas in A. nuneztovari only the X1 chromosome was detected. Only intraspecific variation was found in heterochromatic block markings in the sex chromosomes and autosomes in the two populations of both species at each location.

          Translated abstract

          Pela técnica do bandamento C detectou-se variação de marcação dos blocos heterocromáticos dos cromossomos de A. darlingi e A. nuneztovari de Manaus, Amazonas, e de Macapá, Amapá, Brasil. Os cromossomos sexuais de ambas as espécies mostraram duas formas de cromossomos X e o Y foi totalmente heterocromático. No cromossomo X1 de A. darlingi a marcação atingiu 1/3 e no cromossomo X2 foi apenas na região centromérica. Nos autossomos de ambas as espécies as marcações foram constantes nas regiões centroméricas, e o cromossomo II de A. darlingi mostrou um bloco heterocromático em um dos braços. A. nuneztovari mostrou polimorfismo de tamanho para o cromossomo X, tendo o X maior (X1) três blocos e o menor (X2) dois blocos heterocromáticos. Fêmeas homozigotas (X2X2) não foram detectadas nas duas localidades. Em machos de A. darlingi foram encontrados os cromossomos X1 e X2, enquanto que em machos de A. nuneztovari somente o cromossomo X1 foi detectado. Apenas variação intraespecífica de blocos heterocromáticos nos cromossomos X e nos autossomos foi registrada nas duas populações de ambas as espécies estudadas em cada localidade.

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          A simple technique for demonstrating centromeric heterochromatin.

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            Ecologic observations on anopheline vectors of malaria in the Brazilian Amazon.

            Human intervention in the Brazilian Amazon region promotes contacts between humans and vectors that may favor the propagation of anopheline mosquitoes and the spread of malaria in the absence of planning and infrastructure to control this disease. Vector ecology studies were carried out to determine the risk areas. These data should help in designing appropriate malaria control measures. Data from 14 different regions are reported. Vectors are able to adapt to different environments, which made it necessary to study each area. The parameters studied were Anopheles breeding sites, species distribution, incidence, feeding preferences, hours of maximum activity of adult mosquitoes, seasonality, resting places, and the presence of Plasmodium. Species complexes were also studied. Anopheles darlingi may be responsible for maintaining malaria in human populations in this region. A reduction in the population density of A. darlingi in a particular geographic area can sometimes cause the disappearance of malaria. This species feeds at night but has a peak of activity at the beginning of the evening and another at dawn. Other species are mainly crepuscular and all anophelines demonstrated pronounced exophilia. The timing of feeding activities was found to vary in areas altered by human intervention and also depended on the time of the year and climatic conditions. The larvae were more abundant in the rivers with a less acidic pH and rural areas showed the highest larval index.
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              Modes of spontaneous chromosomal mutation and karyotype evolution in ants with reference to the minimum interaction hypothesis.

              Aspects of chromosomal mutation and karyotype evolution in ants are discussed with reference to recently accumulated karyological data, and to detailed karyotype analyses of several species or species complexes with low chromosome number and unusual chromosomal mutations (the complexes of Myrmecia pilosula (Smith) (n = 1, 5 or 9 to 16); M. piliventris Smith (n = 2, 3-4, 17 or 32), and Ponera scabra Wheeler (n = 3 or 4, 2n = 7 or 8). Translocations and Robertsonian polymorphisms are confirmed to be non-randomly distributed among ants -the former are found at high frequencies in species with low chromosome numbers (n less than or equal to 12), while the latter predominate in those with high numbers (n greater than 12). This situation is consistent with the minimum interaction hypothesis of Imai et al. (1986), under which translocations are expected to occur most frequently in low-numbered karyotypes, and that the resulting genetic risks are minimized by increases in chromosome and/or arm numbers through centric fission and pericentric inversion. Centric fusion is considered to be a transient event in karyotype evolution, resulting from telomere instability in acrocentric chromosomes.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                gmb
                Genetics and Molecular Biology
                Genet. Mol. Biol.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Genética (Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil )
                1415-4757
                1678-4685
                March 2000
                : 23
                : 1
                : 67-70
                Affiliations
                [01] Manaus AM orgnameInstituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia orgdiv1Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ciências da Saúde Brasil
                Article
                S1415-47572000000100012 S1415-4757(00)02300112
                10.1590/S1415-47572000000100012
                ebe0bf81-0c45-4e4b-9b04-a5e554e46470

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 21 September 1998
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 25, Pages: 4
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Insect Genetics

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